id  by  one  of  the  most  brilliant  writers  of 
sort  of  M 

'  statesman." 


NOTES 
OR  THE  GUIDANCE 
OF  AUTHORS 


THE  MACMILLAN   COMPANY 


=  CALIFORNIA 

^ERN 

iARY  FACILITY 


NOTES 

FOR  THE  GUIDANCE 
OF  AUTHORS 


"An  boneft  Stationer  (or  Publisher}  is  be,  that  exercizetb 
bis  Myftery  (whether  it  be  in  printing,  binding  or  selling  of 
Bookes*)  with  more  refpect  to  the  glory  of  God  £ff  the  publike 
aduantage  than  to  his  ovvne  Commodity  £3"  is  both  an  ornament 
£3"  a  profitable  member  in  the  ciuill  Commonwealth.  ...  If 
he  be  a  Printer  he  makes  confcience  to  exempelfy  bis  Coppy 
fayrely  £5*  truly.  If  he  be  a  Booke-bynder,  be  is  no  meere  Book- 
feller  (that  //)  one  who  felleth  meerely  ynck  &  paper  bundled 
up  together  for  his  owne  aduantage  only :  but  he  is  a  Chapman 
of  Arts,  of  w  if  dome,  &  of -much  experience  for  a  little  money. 
.  .  .  The  reputation  of  Schollers  is  as  deare  unto  him  as  bis 
owne :  For,  be  acknowledgeth  that  from  them  his  Myfstery  bad 
both  begining  and  means  of  continuance.  He  beartely  loues  & 
seekes  the  Profperity  of  his  owne  Corporation :  Tet  he  would 
not  iniure  the  Uniuerfityes  to  aduantage  it.  In  a  word,  he  is 
such  a  man  that  the  State  ought  to  cherish  him  ;  Schollers  to  loue 
him,  good  Customers  to  frequent  his  shopp  ;  and  the  whole  Com- 
pany of  Stationers  to  pray  for  him." 

—  GEORGE  WITHER,   1625. 


NOTES 

FOR  THE   GUIDANCE 
OF   AUTHORS 


On  the  Preparation  of  Manuscripts, 

On  the  Reading  of  Proofs,  and 

On  Dealing  with  Publishers 


"  Aptly  has  it  been  said  by  one  of  the  most  brilliant  writers 
of  our  day,  that  the  great  publisher  is  a  sort  of  Min- 
ister of  Letters,  and  is  not  to  be  without  the  qualities 
of  a  statesman."  —  From  JOHN  MOBLEY'S  Recollections. 


Wefo  gorfc 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 
1918 

AU  rights  reserved 


COPYRIGHT,  1900,  1905,  AND  1918, 
BY  THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY. 


TCortonoti  \3rrss 

J.  8.  Cushlng  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith  Co. 
Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 

IT  is  hoped  that  the  suggestions  made  in  the  follow- 
ing pages  will  be  of  use  to  authors  desirous  of  submit- 
ting manuscripts  for  the  consideration  of  publishers. 
It  must  not,  however,  be  taken  as  necessary  for  manu- 
scripts to  conform  with  these  suggestions  before  they 
can  receive  attention  from  the  publishers'  readers. 

The  suggestions  have  been  compiled  with  the  aid  of 
the  heads  of  the  various  departments  of  The  Mac- 
millan  Company,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  observ- 
ance of  many  of  the  points  emphasized  in  these  pages 
will  result  in  a  saving  of  effort  and  expense  to  the 
mutual  benefit  of  both  author  and  publisher. 

The  Macmillan  Company  makes  it  a  rule  to  give 
careful  attention  to  all  manuscripts  that  may  be  sub- 
mitted, whether  prepared  in  accordance  with  these 
suggestions  or  not. 


[v] 

2054481 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE         v 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY ix 

THE  PREPARATION  OF  A  MANUSCRIPT 1 

SUBMITTING  A  MANUSCRIPT  TO  A  PUBLISHER       ...  4 

COPYRIGHT 6 

FORMS  OF  AGREEMENT 8 

BINDINGS,  COVERS,  AND  COVER  DESIGNS     ....  9 

PROOF  READING 11 

EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 17 

COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  BOOKS 21 

40  MEDICAL  BOOKS 24 

THE  RELIGIOUS  BOOKS  DEPARTMENT 27 

THE  LIBRARY  DEPARTMENT 28 

How  AN  AUTHOR  CAN  AID  HIS  PUBLISHER  ....  29 

PRESS  AND  PRESENTATION  COPIES 30 

ADVERTISING,  CIRCULARS,  ETC.      .        .        .        .        .        .31 

STYLE 32 

SIGNS  USED  IN  CORRECTING  PROOFS 60 

PROOF  SHOWING  CORRECTIONS 63 

CORRECTED  PROOF  64 


[vii] 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE         v 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY he 

THE  PREPARATION  OF  A  MANUSCRIPT 1 

SUBMITTING  A  MANUSCRIPT  TO  A  PUBLISHER       ...  4 

COPYRIGHT 6 

FORMS  OF  AGREEMENT 8 

BINDINGS,  COVERS,  AND  COVER  DESIGNS     ....  9 

PROOF  READING 11 

EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 17 

COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  BOOKS 21 

MEDICAL  BOOKS 24 

THE  RELIGIOUS  BOOKS  DEPARTMENT 27 

THE  LIBRARY  DEPARTMENT 28 

How  AN  AUTHOR  CAN  AID  HIS  PUBLISHER  ....  29 

PRESS  AND  PRESENTATION  COPIES 30 

ADVERTISING,  CIRCULARS,  ETC.      .        .        .        .        .        .31 

STYLE 32 

SIGNS  USED  IN  CORRECTING  PROOFS 60 

PROOF  SHOWING  CORRECTIONS 63 

CORRECTED  PROOF  64 


vii] 


THE  foundation  of  the  house  now  known  as  The 
Macmillan  Company  was  laid  in  1869  by  the  late 
George  Edward  Brett,  who  established  in  New  York 
for  the  London  house  of  Macmillan  &  Co.  an  agency 
for  the  sale  of  its  publications.  The  business  was 
soon  enlarged  to  include  the  publication  of  books  by 
American  authors,  and  remained  under  the  manage- 
ment of  George  Edward  Brett  until  his  death  in  1890, 
when  his  son,  George  Platt  Brett,  became  the  resident 
American  partner. 

In  1896  the  American  firm  was  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  adopted  the 
style  of  The  Macmillan  Company. 

The  Company's  interests  as  publishers  are  not  con- 
fined to  any  particular  departments  of  literature  or 
science,  but  its  list  of  current  publications,  which  at 
present  numbers  some  seven  thousand,  embraces  titles 
of  works  in  practically  the  whole  range  of  intellectual 
activity.  Its  authors  include  many  of  the  names 
best  known  in  all  the  various  fields  of  literature,  both 
American  and  foreign  :  among  them  Browning,  Tenny- 
son, Matthew  Arnold,  Hardy,  Masefield,  Hewlett, 
Alfred  Noyes,  Tagore,  Edgar  Lee  Masters,  E.  A. 
Robinson,  W.  W.  Gibson,  in  poetry ;  Henry  James, 
Marion  Crawford,  H.  G.  Wells,  Winston  Churchill, 

[ix] 


Jack  London,  Owen  Wister,  James  Lane  Allen,  William 
Allen  White,  Alice  Brown,  in  the  novel ;  Lord  Bryce, 
Lord  Cromer,  Lord  Morley,  James  Ford  Rhodes, 
Henry  Charles  Lea,  Edward  Channing,  in  history, 
biography,  or  political  philosophy;  F.  H.  Bradley, 
John  Caird,  Walter  Rauschenbusch,  Josiah  Royce, 
E.  B.  Titchener,  J.  E.  Creighton,  Shailer  Mathews, 
A.  C.  McGiffert,  Charles  E.  Jefferson  in  philosophy,  or 
religion;  F.  W.  Taussig,  John  Bates  Clark,  E.  W. 
Kemmerer,  Edwin  R.  A.  Seligman,  Henry  R.  Seager, 
Richard  T.  Ely,  and  Irving  Fisher  in  political  economy, 
and  L.  H.  Bailey  and  many  others  in  agricultural  science. 

On  the  list  appear  also  the  names  of  representative 
college  or  university  presidents :  Dr.  Lowell  of  Har- 
vard, Dr.  Butler  of  Columbia,  Dr.  Hadley  of  Yale, 
Dr.  Judson  of  Chicago,  Dr.  Faunce  of  Brown,  Dr. 
King  of  Oberlin,  Dr.  C.  R.  Van  Hise  of  the  University 
of  Wisconsin,  Dr.  W.  A.  Jessup  of  the  University  of 
Iowa,  Dr.  William  Allen  Neilsen  of  Smith  College,  Dr. 
H.  N.  MacCracken  of  Vassar  College,  Dr.  F.  J.  Goodnow 
of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Dr.  H.  W.  Elson  of  Thiel 
College,  Mr.  S.  E.  Mezes  of  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  Dr.  E.  O.  Sisson  of  the  University  of 
Montana,  Dr.  E.  C.  Elliott,  Chancellor  of  all  three 
Montana  institutions,  and  the  late  Dr.  Hyde  of  Bow- 
doin;  representative  men  of  affairs,  in  addition  to 
those  already  mentioned,  Ex-President  Roosevelt,  Ex- 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  Long ;  representative  preachers, 
Dr.  Lyman  Abbott,  Dr.  Newell  Dwight  Hillis,  Rev. 
R.  J.  Campbell. 

In  addition  to  its  publishing  interests,  The  Mac- 
millan  Company  acts  as  agent  for  the  sale  of  the  works 

[x] 


published  by  Macmillan  &  Co.,  Ltd. ;  George  Bell 
&  Sons,  A.  &  C.  Black,  and  Whittaker  &  Co.,  all  of 
London,  and  for  Bonn's  Libraries. 

The  Macmillan  Company  has  established  agencies 
for  the  publication  and  sale  of  its  books  by  American 
authors  in  London,  England ;  Toronto,  Canada ;  Mel- 
bourne, Australia;  Calcutta  and  Bombay,  India.  It 
also  has  branch  offices  in  Boston,  Dallas,  Atlanta,  San 
Francisco,  and  a  branch  house  in  Chicago. 

The  Macmillan  Company  occupies  the  building  at 
64  and  66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City,  erected  and 
owned  by  the  Company,  said  to  be  the  largest  estab- 
lishment in  the  United  States  solely  devoted  to  the 
publishing  of  books.  The  officers  of  the  Company  are 
George  Platt  Brett,  President ;  Edward  Clark  Marsh, 
Vice-President ;  and  Louis  J.  Lucas,  Secretary.  These 
will  be  found  at  64-66  Fifth  Avenue.  Here  also  are 
the  important  departments  under  which  the  work  of 
the  Company  is  carried  on,  —  the  Educational  Depart- 
ment, Editorial,  College,  Secondary  Schools,  Religious, 
Medical,  Trade,  Subscription,  and  Retail. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  note  that  in  the  last  twelve 
years  The  Macmillan  Company  has  paid  out  in  royal- 
ties to  its  authors  $3,835,682.75,  the  amount  of  profits 
paid  out  to  stockholders  during  the  same  period  having 
been  $1,576,265,  or  a  little  less  than  30  %  of  the  total 
profits.  It  is  significant  that  the  return  to  the  author 
as  compared  with  the  return  to  the  publisher  has  tended 
steadily  Lto  increase.  In  1905  the  authors'  percentage 
of  the  total  amount  of  earnings  paid  to  both  authors 
and  stockholders  was  64|  %  while  in  1917  the  authors' 
percentage  had  risen  to  nearly  78  %  of  the  total. 

[xi] 


THE  PREPARATION  OF  A  MANUSCRIPT 

USE  white  paper  about  eight  inches  wide  and  eleven 
inches  long,  and  leave  margins  of  If  inches  on  the 
left-hand  side,  and  about  one  inch  at  the  top  of  each 
sheet. 

Let  the  sheets  of  the  manuscript  be  of  uniform  size 
throughout,  and  in  so  far  as  is  possible  have  approxi- 
mately the  same  number  of  lines  on  each  page,  as  that 
is  a  great  help  in  the  making  of  the  estimates,  etc. 

The  pages  of  a  manuscript  should  be  numbered 
consecutively  throughout.  Inserted  pages  should  be 
numbered  alphabetically  [e.g.  45  a ;  45  b ;  45  c],  and  the 
preceding  page  should  have  the  words,  "45  a;  45  6; 
45  c  follow."  Pages  taken  out  should  be  accounted 
for  on  the  preceding  page. 

The  pages  of  individual  chapters  should  not  be  num- 
bered independently. 

Write  on  one  side  of  the  sheet  only. 

Black  ink  should  always  be  used  for  handwriting. 

Manuscripts  should  not  be  rolled  or  folded  when 
sent  by  mail  or  express.  Sheets  that  have  been  rolled 
are  very  unhandy  for  both  readers  and  printers. 

Typewritten  manuscript  is  preferable  to  hand- 
written. It  is  easier  to  read  and  to  correct.  It  saves 
the  printer's  time  and  prevents  the  occurrence  of  typo- 
graphical error  with  its  consequent  expense. 

Notes  and  other  subsidiary  additions  should  be 
written  on  a  separate  sheet  of  paper,  placed  next  to 

[1] 


THE  PREPARATION  OF  A  MANUSCRIPT 

and  numbered  consecutively  with  the  text,  to  which 
it  should  refer  by  the  word  "footnote"  or  by  a 
figure  1.  Short  notes  may  be  inserted  between  two 
lines  drawn  across  the  full  width  of  the  page  and  refer- 
ence be  made  to  them  in  the  text  thus  (*).  Where 
footnotes  are  numerous,  they  should  begin  with  1  at 
each  new  chapter,  and  be  numbered  consecutively 
throughout  each  chapter. 

NOTE. 

Extracts  from  the  works  of  other  authors  should 
be  carefully  marked,  as  they  are  generally  set  up  in  a 
smaller  type  than  that  of  the  text. 

Use  paste  when  attaching  one  piece  of  paper  to  an- 
other and  do  not  use  pins.  The  manuscript  goes 
through  so  many  hands  that  pinned  papers  are  likely 
to  become  separated.  They  also  cause  confusion  and 
loss  of  time  to  both  reader  and  printer,  and  when  once 
separated  are  often  misplaced. 

In  the  case  of  an  illustrated  book,  the  copy  for  the 
illustrations  should  be  delivered  separate  from  the 
manuscript  of  the  text.  The  illustrations  go  to  the  en- 
graver, the  manuscript  to  the  printer,  so  it  is  distinctly 
an  advantage  to  prepare  the  illustrations  and  text 
independently. 

If  possible,  have  the  copy  prepared  according  to  the 
dictionary  to  be  followed  and  further  edited  with  a 
view  to  preserving  consistency  in  matters  of  punctua- 
tion, etc.  The  spelling  out  of  numbers  or  the  use  of 
figures  is  one  point  deserving  special  attention  and 

[2] 


THE  PREPARATION  OF  A   MANUSCRIPT 

definite  instruction  should  be  given.  Consistency  in 
the  arrangement  of  bibliographical  material  either  in 
footnotes  or  in  bibliographies  at  the  ends  of  chapters 
or  volumes  is  another  important  matter. 

Copy  well  prepared  is  the  best  investment  an  author 
can  make. 


[3] 


SUBMITTING  A  MANUSCRIPT  TO  A 
PUBLISHER 

IN  submitting  a  manuscript  to  a  publisher  it  is  well 
to  bear  in  mind  that  the  manuscript  will  be  carefully 
read,  and  usually  by  several  advisers  of  special  com- 
petence on  the  subject  with  which  the  work  deals, 
and  by  whose  judgment  the  publisher  invariably  re- 
enforces  his  own  opinion. 

As  an  aid  to  the  publisher  in  the  selection  of  the 
special  advisers  to  whom  the  work  should  be  sub- 
mitted, it  is  advisable  to  attach  to  the  manuscript  a 
very  concise  statement  of  its  scope  and  purpose. 

The  publisher  will  at  once  arrange  for  an  interview 
with  an  author  on  receiving  a  request  to  that  effect. 

Publishers  are  not  responsible  for  the  loss  of  manu- 
scripts sent  to  them  except  in  those  cases  where 
the  loss  is  occasioned  by  their  negligence.  Authors 
should,  accordingly,  send  manuscripts  either  by  ex- 
press, or  registered  mail,  as  they  can  then  be  traced  in 
case  of  loss  or  misdirection.  It  is  advisable  that  copies 
of  important  manuscripts  should  be  made. 

The  author's  full  name  and  address  should  always 
be  clearly  marked  on  each  manuscript,  and  a  note 
should  be  sent,  by  post,  advising  the  publisher  of  the 
dispatch  of  a  manuscript  to  him. 

On  the  acceptance  of  a  manuscript  by  The  Mac- 
millan  Company,  a  contract  or  agreement  covering 

[4] 


SUBMITTING  A  MANUSCRIPT  TO  A  PUBLISHER 

the  publication  of  the  work  will  be  sent  to  the  author, 
and  on  the  execution  and  return  of  this  agreement, 
specimen  pages  showing  the  style  and  size  of  type 
which  it  is  proposed  to  use  will  be  forwarded,  unless 
the  form  of  the  book  is  predetermined  by  its  inclusion 
in  some  uniform  series.  Immediately  upon  the  ap- 
proval of  these,  proofs  of  the  book  will  be  sent  for 
correction  and  revision. 


[5] 


COPYRIGHT 

COPYRIGHT  is  not,  as  many  persons  suppose,  a  legal 
guarantee  against  literary  thievery.  It  merely  pro- 
tects the  owner  of  the  copyright  by  granting  to  him 
the  exclusive  right  to  publish  or  reproduce  the  work 
which  would  otherwise  be  abandoned  by  publication. 
So  long  as  a  book  remains  unpublished,  it  is  the  prop- 
erty of  the  owner,  whose  rights  therein  receive  the  same 
protection  under  the  common  law  that  is  accorded  to 
other  property.  There  can  be,  accordingly,  no  copy- 
right in  unpublished  works  (except  dramatic  composi- 
tions, lectures,  works  of  art,  etc.,  not  reproduced  for 
sale).  Nor  can  a  title  alone  be  copyrighted. 

Copyright  may  be  registered  in  the  name  of  the 
owner  of  the  work,  or  in  any  other  name,  and  may  be 
transferred  by  the  person  in  whose  name  it  is  taken 
out.  It  is  usually  registered  in  the  name  of  the  pub- 
lisher and  the  legal  notice  of  copyright  on  the  reverse 
of  the  title  page  is  printed  in  the  publisher's  name, 
rather  than  in  the  name  of  the  author,  for  several 
reasons,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  fact 
that  the  publisher  can  then  defend  the  copyright,  if 
attacked,  in  the  event  of  the  author  being  out  of  the 
country  or  unable  for  any  reason  to  give  the  matter  im- 
mediate attention.  This  does  not  affect  the  ownership 
of  the  copyright,  which  is  determined  entirely  by  the 
agreement  or  contract  between  the  author  and  publisher. 

[6] 


COPYRIGHT 


It  is  rarely  found  necessary  to  secure  copyright  in 
Great  Britain.  A  publisher  with  houses  in  both  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  usually  attends  to  the 
copyrighting  of  the  English  editions  when  necessary. 

Macmillan  &  Co.,  Limited,  publish  in  London  all 
books  issued  in  America  by  The  Macmillan  Company, 
unless  they  are  works  of  interest  to  Americans  only, 
or  are  otherwise  specially  arranged  for. 


[7] 


FORMS  OF  AGREEMENT 

FORMS  of  agreement  vary  in  minor  details,  and 
terms  are  offered  with  particular  reference  to  the  sub- 
ject of  the  work,  its  purpose,  or  prospects  of  sale. 
The  usual  rule,  however,  is  for  the  publisher  to  as- 
sume the  whole  cost  of  printing,  manufacture,  and 
publishing,  and  to  offer  the  author  a  royalty  on  the 
selling  price  of  the  work. 

An  author  is  usually  expected  by  the  terms  of  his 
contract  to  hold  his  publisher  free  from  legal  liability 
on  account  of  scandalous  or  libellous  matter,  or  any 
infringement  of  another  author's  copyright  which  his 
book  may  contain. 

The  rights  of  translation,  dramatization,  and  use 
for  moving  pictures  are  usually  subject  to  special 
terms  of  agreement. 

As  the  carrying  out  of  any  agreement  to  the  satis- 
faction of  both  parties  thereto  depends  upon  their 
mutual  good  will  and  good  faith,  an  author  should 
have  the  clearest  possible  understanding  of  the  details 
of  the  contract.  He  should  also  not  fail  to  satisfy 
himself  as  to  the  ability  of  the  publisher  to  make 
good  its  provisions  both  for  the  present  time  and  for 
the  term  of  its  continuance. 


[8] 


BINDINGS,   COVERS,  AND  COVER  DESIGNS 

THE  style  of  a  binding  must  depend  upon  the  char- 
acter of  the  contents  of  the  book.  The  cover  of  a 
work  of  fiction  may  be  appropriately  decorated  with 
a  design  bearing  relation  to  the  story  within;  the 
cover  of  a  book  of  verse  may  also,  with  equal  pro- 
priety, bear  ornament. 

In  volumes  of  essays,  works  of  philosophy,  science, 
or  economics,  good  taste  will  as  a  rule  dictate  freedom 
from  all  decoration,  but  the  lettering  may  be  so  de- 
signed on  the  back  or  side  as  to  lend  beauty  to  the 
dignity  of  a  plain  cover. 

While  the  widest  latitude  may  be  given  to  choice 
of  color  in  the  case  of  fiction,  in  most  other  branches 
of  literature  bright  colors  are  manifestly  inappropriate. 

In  the  selection  of  a  color  which  in  itself  is  in  good 
taste,  the  long  experience  of  a  publisher  generally  may 
be  depended  upon. 

Authors  sometimes  desire  a  color  which  will  fade 
in  a  short  time  and  which  will  consequently  entail 
a  loss  on  the  book-seller  who  exposes  it  in  his  window 
or  store.  It  is  not  unusual  also  for  an  author  to  desire 
a  cover  design  or  a  binding  which  is  impossible  on 
account  of  its  costliness,  forgetting  that  each  color 
needs  a  separate  stamp  and  a  separate  handling,  and 
that  certain  fabrics  would  add  so  much  to  the  cost, 
that  a  suitable  selling  price  could  not  be  placed  upon 

[9] 


BINDINGS,   COVERS,  AND   COVER  DESIGNS 

the  volume.  It  will  be  readily  seen,  therefore,  that 
while  an  author  can,  and  often  does,  aid  the  publisher 
by  valuable  suggestions,  which  are  always  gladly 
received,  their  practicability  must  depend  finally  on 
business  reasons  of  which  the  publisher  may  fairly  be 
the  best  judge. 


[10] 


PROOF  READING 

SOON  after  the  manuscript  has  been  sent  to  the 
printer  the  author  will  receive  a  specimen  page  show- 
ing the  proposed  style  of  type,  size  of  printed  page,  and 
estimated  number  of  printed  pages  that  the  manuscript 
will  make.  This  specimen  page  should  be  returned 
at  once  to  the  publisher  with  the  author's  approval  or 
suggestion  for  its  improvement. 

First  proofs  are  usually  sent  in  galley  form  and  in 
duplicate  direct  from  the  printer.  The  set  of  galleys 
with  the  proof  reader's  markings  is  the  one  which  the 
author  should  correct  and  return.  The  other  set  may 
be  retained  by  him. 

All  proofs,  whether  received  from  printer  or  pub- 
lisher, should  be  returned  to  the  publisher. 

If  there  are  text  cuts  in  the  book,  proof  of  the  cuts 
should  be  returned  with  the  galleys  of  the  text.  Under- 
neath the  proof  of  each  cut  there  should  be  placed  the 
legend  or  description  to  be  used  with  it;  and  each 
cut  should  be  numbered,  a  corresponding  number 
being  placed  in  the  margin  of  the  galley  of  the  text 
at  the  point  where  the  cut  is  to  be  inserted. 

The  correction  of  printer's  errors  should  be  made 
in  red  ink,  the  author's  alterations  from  the  manu- 
script in  black  ink.  In  making  changes  in  the  proofs 
it  should  be  remembered  that  in  order  to  add  a  few 
words  or  a  sentence  it  may  be  necessary  for  the  printer 

[11] 


PROOF  READING 


to  overrun  every  succeeding  line  in  the  paragraph. 
Consequently  when  it  is  possible  to  make  room  for 
the  new  words  by  the  omission  of  neighboring  words 
of  the  same  length  or  by  shortening  an  adjoining 
phrase  it  is  to  the  author's  advantage  to  do  this. 

Upon  the  return  of  the  galley  proofs  the  corrections 
will  be  made  and  the  galleys  paged,  after  which  page 
proof  will  be  sent  to  the  author  —  two  sets  as  before, 
the  one  carrying  the  proof  reader's  markings  to  be 
corrected  and  returned  to  the  publisher. 

Time-slips  will  accompany  these  page  proofs,  these 
time-slips  showing  the  amount  of  time  spent  by  the 
printers  in  making  the  author's  alterations  on  the  gal- 
leys. If  the  page  proof  comes  to  the  author  in  several 
installments,  there  will  be  a  time-slip  for  each  install- 
ment, so  that  the  author  may  follow  the  extent  of  his 
corrections  in  any  section  of  the  book.  Printers' 
errors  and  time  spent  in  running-in  cuts  are  not  in- 
cluded in  the  amount  put  against  the  author's  account. 

The  proofs  corresponding  to  the  time-slips  are  care- 
fully examined  by  the  publisher  before  they  are  sent  to 
the  author,  and  approved  by  him,  and  where  time  for 
the  running  in  of  cuts  or  other  matters  of  make-up  dis- 
tinctly not  the  author's  concern  have  been  included,  such 
time  will  be  entered  separately  on  the  slip  as  "Special 
Time."  The  publisher  assumes  all  "Special  Time." 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  well  to  call  attention 
to  the  provision  usually  made  in  contracts  with  authors 
to  apportion  the  cost  of  corrections  in  proof,  and  in 
which  it  is  understood  and  agreed  that  a  percentage  of 
the  full  cost  of  the  plates  shall  be  allowed  the  author 

[12] 


PROOF  READING 


for  changes  made  by  him  during  the  process  of  making 
the  plates,  and  that  the  cost  of  author's  changes  in 
excess  of  this  amount  shall  be  charged  to  the  author. 

The  author  will  find  that  the  cost  of  his  own  changes 
will  accumulate  more  rapidly  than  he  would  anticipate 
unless  he  has  had  experience.  It  is  advisable  therefore 
to  make  his  manuscript  as  nearly  perfect  as  possible. 
Still,  changes  will  doubtless  be  necessary,  and  it  would 
be  unwise  economy  to  leave  the  book  imperfect  rather 
than  bear  the  expense  of  needed  correction. 

If  the  author  feels  that  the  time  spent  in  making  his 
alterations  in  any  section  of  proof  as  shown  on  the 
time-slip  is  excessive,  he  should  at  once  advise  the 
publisher  of  this,  that  the  proof  may  be  reexamined 
for  possible  error  in  computation. 

Oftentimes  it  only  needs  a  word  to  explain  to  the 
author  why  a  correction,  seemingly  simple,  has  taken 
so  much  time.  The  author,  for  example,  may  have 
added  two  or  three  words  to  a  sentence  and  he  does 
not  understand  why  that  addition  should  have  con- 
sumed one  hour.  When  it  is  explained  that  the  inser- 
tion of  the  added  matter  meant  running  over  each  line 
that  followed  to  the  end  of  the  paragraph,  thereby 
affecting,  say,  a  dozen  lines,  he  is  not  only  satisfied 
that  the  particular  charge  is  just,  but  he  has  a  clearer 
insight  into  the  processes  of  manufacturing  his  book. 
Publishers  are  always  willing  to  take  up  in  detail  any 
time  charge  which  the  author  may  question. 

Illustrations  are  technically  of  two  kinds  —  text 
illustrations  and  inserts. 

A  text  illustration   is,  as  its   name  implies,  a  part 

[13] 


PROOF  READING 


of  the  text.  It  may  be  a  small  cut  appearing  on  a 
page  with  printed  matter,  or  it  may  be  a  full  page  cut, 
in  which  case  it  has  a  page  folio,  just  as  a  page  of  text. 
Text  illustrations  are  usually  line  cuts,  though  some- 
times in  educational  works  and  in  books  which  are 
profusely  illustrated  half-tone  cuts  are  made  up  with 
the  text. 

An  insert  is  an  illustration,  usually  a  half  tone  or 
color  plate,  which  is  printed  separately  on  a  highly 
finished  paper  and  inserted  between  two  pages  of  the 
text.  This  method  is  followed  where  there  are  only  a 
few  half-tone  illustrations  —  eight,  sixteen,  or  at  the 
most  thirty-two. 

The  page  proof  should  show  all  text  illustrations 
properly  included.  If  it  does  not,  either  the  instruc- 
tion on  the  galleys  was  incomplete  or  an  error  has 
been  made  by  the  printers.  Such  omission  is  rather 
serious,  for  the  addition  of  illustrations  to  the  text  after 
the  work  has  been  paged  involves  the  remaking  of  the 
pages  —  an  expensive  process.  If  illustrations  have 
been  omitted  by  any  chance  this  fact  should  be  brought 
to  the  attention  of  the  publishers  as  soon  as  it  is  dis- 
covered that  further  make-up  may  be  held  up  until 
the  error  is  rectified. 

With  the  return  of  the  page  proof  the  pages  will 
once  more  be  corrected  and  foundry  proofs  furnished. 
The  return  of  the  page  proof  should  not  be  held  for 
the  preparation  of  the  index,  as  the  duplicate  set  of 
proofs  may  be  used  for  that  purpose. 

Foundry  proofs  are  practically  finally  corrected  proofs 
from  the  electro  typed  plates.  They  do  not  admit  of 

[14] 


PROOF  READING 


change  except  where  absolutely  necessary.  Only  one 
set  of  the  foundry  proof  is  sent  to  the  author  and  it 
should  not  be  returned  to  the  publisher.  If  errors 
which  must  be  corrected  are  discovered,  only  those 
pages  carrying  the  errors  should  be  sent  back.  Changes 
in  "F"  proofs  should  be  made  as  sparingly  as  possible 
as  they  necessitate  the  cutting  of  the  electrotyped 
plate ;  a  process  which  is  likely  to  be  expensive  to  the 
author  and  is  sure  to  be  injurious  to  the  plate.  Ordi- 
narily a  book  is  printed  as  soon  as  it  is  cast,  that  is 
to  say  as  soon  as  all  of  the  foundry  proofs  have  been 
mailed  to  the  author.  It  is  assumed  that  as  the  author 
has  already  read  the  proof  twice  there  will  be  no  foundry 
corrections. 

The  author  will  frequently  find  on  his  proofs  the 
abbreviation  "Qy  "  placed  there  by  the  proof  reader. 
This  indicates  that  some  point  has  arisen  such  as  an 
inconsistency  in  the  manuscript,  or  possible  misstate- 
ment  of  fact,  which  the  proof  reader  has  thought 
best  to  leave  for  the  author  to  decide.  Attention 
should  be  given  to  all  such  queries  in  order  that  any 
desired  change  may  be  made  as  early  as  possible. 

The  index,  which  has  already  been  referred  to, 
should  be  prepared  so  that  the  complete  copy  may  be 
furnished  with  the  return  of  the  page  proofs  for  cast- 
ing. Should  the  author  wish  to  be  relieved  of  the 
burden  of  making  an  index  the  publisher  can  arrange 
to  make  it  at  the  author's  expense. 

Intimately  connected  with  these  mechanical  details 
is  the  organization  of  the  content  of  the  manuscript. 
This  is  primarily  a  matter  of  clear  and  orderly  think- 

[15] 


PROOF  READING 


ing,  followed  by  a  corresponding  arrangement  of 
material.  Some  authors  place  at  the  beginning  of 
each  chapter  a  simple  outline  of  its  contents.  It  is 
not  necessary  that  this  should  always  be  done,  but  it 
is  exceedingly  important  that  the  material  of  each 
chapter  should  be  well  enough  arranged  to  make  such 
an  outline  possible.  The  coordination  and  subordi- 
nation of  topics  should  be  unmistakably  clear.  Such 
an  organization  of  material  not  only  makes  possible 
a  good  type  scheme  but  it  constitutes  an  essential  part 
of  the  debt  that  an  author  owes  to  his  reader.  This  is 
particularly  important  in  the  field  of  school  and  col- 
lege textbooks.  The  superior  attractiveness  of  a  book 
is  often  fundamentally  a  matter  of  effective  organ- 
ization. 


[16] 


EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY  maintains  a  special 
department  for  the  publication  and  sale  of  textbooks 
and  educational  books.  This  department  has  branch 
offices  in  Boston,  Chicago,  Seattle,  Los  Angeles,  Dallas, 
Atlanta,  and  San  Francisco,  and  the  representatives 
of  the  Company  attached  to  these  various  branch 
offices  and  to  the  home  office  visit  the  educational 
institutions  and  school  authorities  in  their  respective 
territories  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  the  merits 
of  the  Company's  textbooks,  and  of  recommending 
such  books  as  may  be  best  suited  to  the  requirements 
of  any  special  case.  The  department  keeps  in  close 
touch  with  the  universities,  the  public  schools,  and 
private  schools,  and  with  leading  educators  every- 
where. 

In  submitting  the  manuscript  of  a  textbook  it  is 
advisable  for  the  author  to  send  a  statement  outlining 
briefly  the  plan  and  scope  of  his  work,  giving  the  grade 
or  grades  for  which  it  is  suitable,  and,  particularly, 
stating  in  considerable  detail  the  points  in  which  he 
thinks  his  work  is  superior  to  other  similar  books 
already  in  print.  These  books  should  be  examined 
with  care  by  an  author  before  he  begins  to  prepare 
his  own  manuscript  in  order  that  he  may  avail  him- 
self of  the  experience  of  other  authors  and  avoid  their 
errors.  He  should  not  attempt  to  write  a  book  that 

[17] 


EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 


is  not  better  than  those  already  written,  and  he  should 
be  able  to  tell  very  definitely  wherein  it  is  better. 

It  is  an  invariable  rule  of  the  Company  to  examine 
all  manuscripts  with  care  and  with  as  much  prompt- 
ness as  circumstances  permit.  It  sometimes  requires 
considerable  time  to  do  this  with  the  desired  degree  of 
thoroughness,  as  a  manuscript  frequently  passes  through 
the  hands  of  several  readers  whose  services  are  not 
always  immediately  available. 

When  a  manuscript  has  been  accepted  for  publica- 
tion the  department  is  prepared  to  cooperate  with  the 
author  in  perfecting  the  manuscript  and  in  publishing 
the  book  in  the  most  suitable  form.  Editorial  readers 
assume  a  sharply  critical  but  friendly  attitude  towards 
it  and  often  make  suggestions  for  the  consideration 
of  the  author  before  it  goes  to  the  printer.  In  most 
cases  they  read  the  proof  also,  although  the  author  is 
responsible  for  the  final  form  of  the  text.  They  give 
attention  to  many  details  connected  with  the  manu- 
facture of  the  book,  such  as  the  style  of  type,  the  size 
of  the  page,  the  illustrations,  cover  design,  and  style 
of  binding.  A  constant  effort  is  made  to  have  every 
educational  publication  of  The  Macmillan  Company 
as  nearly  perfect  as  possible  in  all  of  its  details,  and 
free  from  even  the  minor  errors  and  discrepancies 
which  not  infrequently  hamper  the  usefulness  of  books 
intended  for  school  purposes.  Proofs  are  sent  by 
the  printers  direct  to  the  educational  department  and 
are  forwarded  by  the  department  to  the  author,  with 
whom  the  department  endeavors  to  cooperate  in  every 
way. 

[18] 


EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 


Upon  publication  specimen  copies  of  the  book  are 
sent  from  the  New  York  office  and  from  the  branch 
offices  to  the  teachers  and  school  authorities  likely  to 
be  interested  in  such  a  book.  These  sample  copies 
are  followed  by  circulars  and  announcements  which 
frequently  contain  reviews  of  the  book  and  the  opin- 
ions of  prominent  educators  in  reference  to  it.  Such 
letters  of  inquiry  as  are  received  are  answered  promptly 
and  fully,  and  advertisements  are  inserted  in  the  col- 
umns of  the  principal  educational  papers.  By  these 
methods  and  by  the  visits  of  its  agents,  the  Company 
makes  a  strong  effort  to  bring  its  educational  publica- 
tions to  the  attention  of  the  educational  world  and  to 
obtain  for  them  such  consideration  as  their  quality 
may  deserve. 

A  catalogue  and  price-list  of  educational  books  is 
published  annually.  This  catalogue  is  descriptive 
and  gives  information  in  reference  to  the  various 
textbooks  and  educational  books  and  the  special  uses 
for  which  they  are  adapted.  The  catalogue  is  sent 
to  all  teachers  whose  names  are  on  the  list  of  the 
educational  department,  and  also  to  all  educa- 
tional institutions.  It  will  be  forwarded  at  any  time 
upon  the  request  of  any  one  interested  in  educational 
work. 

Authors  can  assist  the  educational  department  by 
calling  attention  to  persons  likely  to  be  particularly 
interested  in  their  books,  and  also  by  making  helpful 
suggestions  in  reference  to  advertising  or  circularizing. 
Correspondence  of  this  character  is  always  welcomed 
by  the  publishers,  and  such  suggestions  are  acted  upon 

[19] 


EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 


as  far  as  possible.  Criticisms  or  corrections  received 
by  the  publishers  are  forwarded  at  once  to  the  author 
in  order  that  they  may  receive  due  attention  and  that 
the  successive  editions  of  the  book  may  have  the  ad- 
vantage of  the  careful  criticisms  of  those  who  use  it. 


[20] 


COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  BOOKS 

THE  publication  and  sale  of  textbooks  and  other 
books  for  the  use  of  colleges,  universities,  and  technical 
institutes,  is  the  work  of  the  College  Department  of 
The  Macmillan  Company.  All  the  work  of  this  de- 
partment is  done  in  the  home  office  in  New  York. 
The  representatives  of  the  College  Department  travel 
from  New  York  throughout  the  country  for  the  purpose 
of  calling  upon  the  members  of  college  and  university 
faculties.  When  making  such  visits  they  seek  to  place 
before  instructors  and  professors  the  merits  of  the  books 
published  by  the  Company  which  may  be  of  interest 
and  service  as  texts  or  reference  books  in  each  man's 
field.  They  also  keep  in  touch  with  new  developments 
in  all  departments  of  college  education  for  the  purpose 
of  enabling  the  Company  to  publish  books  which  will 
meet  new  conditions  and  satisfy  changing  needs.  By 
means  of  this  special  department  and  its  traveling 
representatives,  all  of  whose  time  is  devoted  to  work 
in  the  college  and  university  field,  the  Company  be- 
lieves that  it  can  render  most  effective  service  to  authors 
by  insuring  for  their  books  a  fair  consideration,  and,  as 
a  result,  their  widest  possible  use. 

When  submitting  a  manuscript  it  is  well  for  the 
author  to  outline  briefly  the  plan  and  scope  of  his 
work,  to  point  out  the  courses  in  which  it  may  be  used 

[21] 


COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  BOOKS 


as  a  text  or  for  collateral  reading,  and,  in  certain  cases, 
to  make  a  brief  comparison  of  his  book  with  other 
books  already  published  with  which  it  is  likely  to 
compete.  As  the  examination  of  the  manuscript  of 
a  book  intended  for  college  use  must  be  painstaking 
and  thorough,  more  time  is  frequently  required  for 
this  than  for  the  reading  of  a  manuscript  of  a  general 
character.  Nevertheless,  the  department  endeavors 
to  complete  its  examination  and  to  notify  the  author 
of  its  decision  regarding  publication  in  the  shortest 
time  in  which  it  is  possible  to  do  this  work  with  the 
proper  care  and  consideration. 

The  extent  of  the  scope  of  the  College  Department's 
publications  is  indicated  by  the  following  list  of  de- 
scriptive catalogues  issued  by  the  department : 

Agriculture 

Biological  Sciences 

Chemistry,  Geology,  Mineralogy,  and  Metallurgy 

Physics 

Engineering  and  Mechanics 

Mathematics  and  Astronomy 

Economics,  Commerce  and  Industry 

Sociology  and  Anthropology 

Government,  Political  Science,  and  Law 

History 

Education 

Philosophy,  Psychology,  Ethics,  and  Logic 

Rhetoric  and  English  Literature 

Modern  Languages 

Greek  and  Latin 

Classical  Life,  Lore,  and  Literature 

[22] 


COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  BOOKS 


Homemaking,  Domestic  Science,  and  Household 
Economy 

These  catalogues,  as  well  as  circulars  describing 
individual  books  as  published,  letters,  and  bulletins 
are  distributed  regularly  to  instructors  and  professors, 
of  whom  a  complete  list  is  kept  by  the  department. 
Furthermore,  upon  publication  of  a  new  book  copies 
are  sent  to  those  instructors  and  professors  in  whose 
courses  the  book  may  be  used  as  a  text,  and  other 
copies  are  sent  from  time  to  time,  upon  receipt  of  re- 
quests, or  at  the  suggestion  of  the  department's  travel- 
ing representatives.  Authors  can  assist  the  depart- 
ment by  making  suggestions  regarding  distribution  of 
copies  of  their  books  and  of  circulars. 


[23] 


MEDICAL  BOOKS 

THE  field  of  the  Medical  Department  of  The  Mac- 
millan  Company  is  divided  into  four  general  divisions 
in  which  it  covers  the  entire  range  of  book  publishing 
in  medicine  and  related  subjects.  These  four  divi- 
sions are  as  follows :  Medical  Textbooks ;  General 
Medical  Books;  Nursing  Textbooks;  and  Veterinary 
Books. 

The  Medical  Textbooks  are  designed  for  the  use 
of  students  in  Medical  Schools,  whether  separate  and 
distinct  from,  or  affiliated  with,  universities  and  aca- 
demic colleges,  and  for  students  undertaking  medical 
preparatory  courses. 

The  General  Medical  Books  are  prepared  for  the 
use  of  graduate  physicians,  whether  engaged  in  general 
practice  or  related  specialties. 

The  early  recognition  by  this  Company  of  the  im- 
portance of  the  hitherto  neglected  field  of  Nursing 
Literature,  led  to  the  determination  to  publish  as 
complete  a  list  as  possible  of  adequate  Nursing  Text- 
books, which  began  with  the  first  edition  of  the  well 
known  Kimber's  "Anatomy  and  Physiology  for 
Nurses,"  published  more  than  twenty-five  years  ago 
and  now  in  its  fifth  edition  and  forty-second  large  re- 
print. On  this  book  as  a  foundation  has  been  built 
a  list  of  nursing  texts  and  reference  books  covering 
the  entire  range  of  nursing  activity;  a  list  whose  use 

[24] 


MEDICAL  BOOKS 


in  English-speaking  training  schools  is,  we  believe, 
unsurpassed. 

The  generally  recognized  need  for  a  Scientific  Veteri- 
nary Literature  has  led  us  to  undertake  a  complete 
series  of  texts  and  monographs,  for  veterinary  students 
and  practitioners,  in  which  we  have  arranged  for  many 
titles,  whose  excellence  is  guaranteed  by  a  selection 
of  authors  from  the  leaders  in  the  new  Science  of  Vet- 
erinary Medicine. 

A  representative  of  the  Medical  Department  per- 
sonally visits  the  teachers  in  Medical  and  Veterinary 
Schools,  and  Nurses'  Training  Schools,  throughout 
the  United  States,  at  least  once  and  often  twice  each 
year,  obtaining  for  our  texts,  we  believe,  unusual 
consideration  and  adoption  to  an  unexampled  degree. 
These  calls  are  as  a  rule  made  after  the  teachers  have 
had  an  opportunity  to  examine  sample  copies  already 
sent  to  them,  and  at  that  time  the  merits  of  the  books 
are  discussed. 

Our  monographs  and  larger  works  for  the  practicing 
physician  and  specialist  are  selected  with  great  care 
from  international  authorities  and  are  distributed  to 
the  profession  through  our  branch  offices  in  America, 
and  numerous  agencies  which  comprise  not  only  our 
affiliated  companies  in  Canada,  Great  Britain,  Austra- 
lia, Cuba  and  India,  but  representatives  in  the  Philip- 
pines, Hawaii,  South  America,  China,  and  Japan. 

As  is  the  case  with  academic,  college  and  other  scien- 
tific works,  it  is  of  great  help  to  the  publisher  if  the 
author,  on  submitting  his  manuscript,  briefly  outlines 
the  purpose  of  the  book  and  the  type  of  reader  to  whom 

[25] 


MEDICAL  BOOKS 


it  may  prove  most  useful,  together  with  a  comparison 
with  other  books,  already  published,  with  which  it 
is  likely  to  compete.  The  Medical  Department, 
through  its  various  activities  and  association  with 
teachers  and  specialists,  can  very  often  materially 
assist  an  author  in  determining  the  needs  and  require- 
ments in  these  fields  and  is  always  ready  to  place  its 
service  at  the  author's  disposal  in  a  spirit  of  cordial 
cooperation.  . 


[26] 


THE  RELIGIOUS  BOOKS  DEPARTMENT 

Sunday  schools,  Bible-study  classes,  Religious  Edu- 
cation organizations,  Teacher  Training  groups,  and 
various  other  church  associations,  as  well  as  that  great 
body  of  readers  of  general  religious  books,  represent  the 
special  field  of  the  Religious  Books  Department  of  the 
Macmillan  Company.  The  publications  of  this  depart- 
ment cover  practically  every  field  of  religious  thought, 
and  embrace  the  work  of  leading  theologians,  clergymen, 
Sunday-school  workers,  and  laymen.  The  Department 
is  glad  to  enter  into  correspondence  with  any  one  desir- 
ing books  along  any  stated  line,  to  prepare  courses  of 
study,  and  to  assist  the  student  in  every  way  to  a  better 
knowledge  of  the  best  in  modern  religious  literature. 


[27] 


THE  LIBRARY  DEPARTMENT 

An  important  outlet  for  good  books  of  every  type  is 
presented  by  the  public  libraries  throughout  this 
country.  Librarians  are  supplied  with  full  information 
about  the  Macmillan  Company's  publications  through 
its  Library  Department.  Advance  notices  of  all  forth- 
coming books  are  sent  regularly  to  the  libraries,  together 
with  descriptions  of  the  books  as  they  are  published, 
notes  of  interest  regarding  the  authors  and  their  work, 
and  other  information  of  value  to  the  librarians  and 
their  readers.  Inquiries  about  the  contents  of  indi- 
vidual Macmillan  books,  and  requests  for  suggested 
titles  in  particular  subjects,  are  also  answered  by  the 
Library  Department. 


[28] 


HOW  AN  AUTHOR  CAN  AID  HIS  PUBLISHER 

AN  author  can  often  show  the  publisher  where  or 
how  he  can  make  sales,  and  can  suggest  methods  by 
which  the  interests  of  the  book  may  be  furthered. 

After  the  publication  of  a  work  has  been  arranged  for, 
the  author  should  write  out  and  send  to  the  publisher 
an  account  of  the  work,  say  two  hundred  or  three  hun- 
dred words  in  length.  This  should  describe  the  plot,  the 
scope,  the  purpose,  or  the  contents,  as  the  character  of 
the  work  dictates.  This  information  is  needed  for  pre- 
liminary announcement  or  advertising,  and  for  the  in- 
formation of  literary  editors  throughout  the  country. 

An  author  can  help  the  publisher  in  sending  out 
press  and  complimentary  copies  by  giving  him  a  list 
of  persons,  papers,  and  magazines  at  whose  hands  the 
book  is  likely  to  receive  more  than  ordinary  editorial 
attention.  In  the  case  of  an  educational  work,  the 
names  of  professors  and  teachers  likely  to  recommend 
the  book  are  also  of  great  service. 

There  are  few  steps  in  the  manufacturing  and 
publishing  of  a  book  where  an  author  cannot  be  of 
help  to  his  publisher.  There  are  some  matters,  how- 
ever, such  as  the  size  of  the  finished  book,  its  price, 
the  type,  kind  of  paper,  or  cover,  which  of  necessity 
must  largely  be  affairs  of  commercial  consideration, 
and  are  usually  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  publisher ; 
but  suggestions  from  the  author  are  often  of  much 
value  and  are  always  welcomed. 

[29] 


PRESS  AND  PRESENTATION  COPIES 

THE  publisher  sends  these  out  at  his  own  expense 
in  directions  which  in  his  business  judgment  will  yield 
the  best  results.  His  aim  is,  of  course,  to  bring  the 
work  by  means  of  reviews  to  the  notice  of  the  largest 
number  of  people  who  will  be  likely  to  take  special 
interest  in  the  subject.  An  author  can  often  greatly 
help  the  success  of  his  book  by  suggesting  to  the  pub- 
lisher the  names  of  persons  and  journals  likely  to  be 
specially  interested  in  reviewing  his  work. 

The  Macmillan  Company  will  use  its  best  efforts 
to  secure  and  to  forward  to  its  authors  copies  of  the 
principal  reviews  of  their  books  that  appear  from  time 
to  time  in  the  newspapers,  and  authors  are  requested 
to  inform  the  Company  of  any  remissness  in  the  send- 
ing of  these. 


[30] 


ADVERTISING,  CIRCULARS,  ETC. 

THESE  matters  usually  are  attended  to  by  the  pub- 
lisher at  his  own  expense.  The  author,  however,  can 
often  be  of  great  assistance  by  calling  attention  to 
points  which  bear  favorably  on  his  work,  and  to  items 
of  news  or  reviews  which  may  be  quoted  in  circulars, 
and  in  notes  to  editors  of  literary  columns  in  the  Ameri- 
can press. 

Addresses  of  societies  or  clubs  and  their  secretaries, 
and  lists  of  members,  are  very  useful  to  the  advertis- 
ing department. 


[31] 


STYLE 

THE  following  suggestions  as  to  style  indicate  what 
is  regarded  as  desirable  practice  in  many  doubtful 
matters,  and  should  be  of  service  to  the  author  in  the 
preparation  of  his  manuscript.  While  there  may  be 
some  departures  from  the  rules  set  forth  in  certain 
special  instances,  it  is  presumed  that  unless  there  is 
instruction  to  the  contrary  the  printer  will  follow  these 
rules. 

ABBREVIATIONS 

A.M.  and  P.M.  (for  ante  meridiem  and  post  meridiem). 

—  Set  in  small  capitals,  with  no  space  between  the 
letters :  A.M.,  P.M. 

Avenue.  —  Spell  out  where  possible.  The  abbrevia- 
tion Ave.  is  not  good  usage,  except  in  tabular  matter 
and  lists  of  addresses. 

B.C.  and  A.D.  (for  before  Christ  and  Anno  Domini). 

—  Set  in  small  capitals,  with  no  space  between  the 
letters.     Place  date  before  letters  :   14  B.C.,  28  A.D. 

[32] 


STYLE 


Company.  —  Abbreviate  company  in  firm  names 
when  preceded  by  **  short  and "  (ampersand),  as : 
Harris,  Forbes  &  Co.  Spell  out  company  in  names  of 
corporations,  as :  Jordan  Marsh  Company  (unless,  as 
rarely  happens,  the  abbreviation  Co.  is  the  corporation's 
approved  form  of  signature  and  imprint). 

Dates.  —  Use  figures  after  the  names  of  months,  as : 
January  1,  not  January  first.  In  using  figures,  omit 
st,  d,  or  th  after  the  figure,  as :  January  1,  February  2, 
March  4>  not  January  1st,  February  2d,  March  4th. 
(If  an  editor  should  express  a  desire  for  the  latter  usage, 
employ  the  form  2d,  3d,  not  2nd,  3rd.) 

MS.  and  MSS.  —  Set  in  even  capitals. 

Names  of  Sovereigns.  —  Use  roman  numerals  after 
the  proper  name,  as:  William  III,  not  William  the 
Third. 

Scriptural  References.  —  Use  the  form  2  Kings  iv. 
2-6, 1  John  in.  18,  etc. 

Titles.  —  Abbreviate  the  titles  Dr.,  Hon.,  Mr.,  Mrs., 
Messrs.,  and  Rev.  occurring  before  names.  Spell  out 
titles  like  Colonel,  General,  President,  and  Professor 
(except  in  lists  of  names,  catalogues,  etc.). 

CAPITALIZATION 

Battle,  peace,  and  treaty  are  lower  case  in  such 
cases  as  battle  of  Waterloo,  treaty  of  Paris,  peace  of 
Amiens,  etc. 

Church.  —  Capitalize  church  when  it  means  the 
Church  universal,  and  when  it  is  part  of  a  name,  as: 
dignitaries  of  the  Church,  Church  and  State,  the  Old  First 
Church,  the  Second  Congregational  Church,  and  the 

[33] 


STYLE 

Church  of  Rome.  Lower  case  church  when  it  means 
the  church  service  or  the  church  edifice,  as :  He  attended 
church^  The  church  was  being  repaired. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States  is  always  capitalized. 

Day.  —  Capitalize  Thanksgiving  Day,  New  Year's 
Day,  Lord's  Day,  Founder's  Day,  Commencement 
Day,  etc. 

De,  Von,  Da,  etc.  —  Capitalize  names  from  foreign 
languages  beginning  with  de,  du,  d',  le,  la,  in  French, 
von,  in  German,  and  da,  delta,  de',  in  Italian,  when  not 
preceded  by  a  title  or  a  Christian  name,  as:  De  La 
Fayette,  Von  Stein,  De'  Medici;  but  when  a  title  or  a 
Christian  name  is  used,  lower  case  the  de,  von,  da,  etc., 
as :  Marquis  de  La  Fayette,  Baron  von  Stein,  Catherine 
de'  Medici. 

Ex  prefixed  to  a  title  is  lower  case,  as :  ex-President 
Taft. 

Father,  Mother,  etc.  —  Words  denoting  family  rela- 
tionship, such  as  father,  mother,  uncle,  aunt,  etc.,  are 
lower  case,  except  when  made  a  part  of  the  proper 
name,  as :  I  see  father  and  mother;  but,  Here  come  Uncle 
John  and  Aunt  Mary. 

Headings.  —  In  chapter  headings,  side  headings, 
titles  of  books,  tables  of  contents,  etc.,  which  are  set  in 
capitals  and  small  capitals  or  capitals  and  lower  case, 
capitalize  all  words  except  conjunctions,  prepositions, 
and  the  words  a,  an,  and  the.  The  last  word  of  such 
headings  and  titles  is  always  capitalized. 

Heaven.  —  Capitalize  heaven  when  it  stands  for  the 
Deity.  Lower  case  it  as  a  place.  Hell  and  paradise 
are  always  lower  case. 

[34] 


STYLE 

He,  His,  etc.  —  Capitalize  He,  His,  Him,  Thou,  etc., 
referring  to  members  of  the  Trinity  (except  in  extracts 
from  the  Bible,  where  these  words  occur  lower  case). 

His  Majesty,  etc.  —  Capitalize  all  except  the  pro- 
noun in  titles  of  honor  or  nobility,  such  as  his  Majesty, 
their  Royal  Highnesses,  your  Excellency,  his  Lordship, 
etc.  The  word  lord  in  the  English  phrase  my  lord 
(Continental  milord)  is  lower  case. 

House.  —  Lower  case  house  of  Hanover,  etc. 

Middle  Ages  is  capitalized. 

Mountains.  —  Capitalize  names  of  mountains,  as  : 
Appalachian  Mountains,  White  Mountains,  etc. 

New  World,  Old  World,  New  York  City,  New 
York  State,  Papacy,  Oriental,  and  Occidental  are 
capitalized. 

North,  south,  east,  and  west,  and  their  compounds, 
when  they  refer  to  parts  of  the  country  and  not  simply 
to  points  of  the  compass  or  general  direction,  should  be 
capitalized,  as :  California  and  other  sections  of  the 
West  are  settled  by  men  from  the  East  and  the  Northeast. 

River,  Lake,  War,  Valley.  —  Capitalize  in  cases  like 
Hudson  River,  Crystal  Lake,  Seven  Years'  War,  Con- 
necticut Valley,  etc. ;  but  note  that  the  plural  forms 
are,  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  rivers,  the  Seven  Years' 
and  the  Hundred  Years'  wars,  the  Missouri  and  the 
Mississippi  valleys,  etc.  When  the  noun  precedes  the 
proper  name,  it  retains  the  capital  in  the  plural  form, 
as  :  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan.  In  cases  like  the  river 
Charles,  note  that  river  is  lower  case. 

Seasons.  —  Lower  case  names  of  seasons,  unless 
they  are  personified,  as:  We  are  glad  that  spring  has 

[35] 


STYLE 

come  and  that  winter  is  over;  but,  Hail,  Autumn,  with 
thy  joyous  harvests. 

State.  —  When  referring  to  a  political  division  of  the 
United  States,  state  is  lower  case  (except  in  New  York 
State).  When  it  means  the  government,  as  used  in 
the  phrase  Church  and  State,  state  is  capitalized. 

Titles.  —  Capitalize  such  titles  as  Czar,  Pope,  Presi- 
dent, Sultan,  Bishop  of  Rheims,  Duke  of  York,  King  of 
England,  Queen  of  Holland,  Emperor  of  Austria,  etc. 
Lower  case  titles  of  minor  officers.  All  titles  used  in 
direct  address  are  capitalized. 

Version.  —  Capitalize  versions  of  the  Bible,  as :  the 
King  James  Version,  the  Revised  Version,  etc. 

COMPOUNDS 

For  the  sake  of  simplicity  avoid  as  far  as  possible  the 
use  of  hyphens.  Such  words  as  apple  tree,  army  corps, 
mountain  chain,  river  craft,  train  boy,  supply  examples 
of  cases  where  a  hyphen  is  introduced  according  to  some 
dictionaries,  whereas  the  meaning  is  perfectly  clear 
when  they  are  given  as  two  words.  This  does  not 
mean,  however,  that  proof  readers  shall  establish  their 
own  system  of  compounding ;  on  the  contrary,  they 
should  have  dictionary  authority  for  the  style  they 
adopt  when  standardizing  the  system  of  compounds  in 
an  unedited  manuscript. 

The  style  given  below  for  compounds  has  the  sanc- 
tion of  up-to-date  lexicographers. 

Ante,  anti,  extra,  infra,  inter,  intra,  post,  sub,  super, 
supra,  ultra.  —  Make  one  word,  except  where  the  first 
letter  of  the  root  word  renders  it  undesirable,  as : 

[36] 


STYLE 


antihypnotic,  extralegal,  intracontinental,  superparticular, 
etc. ;  but  anti-imperial,  intra-arterial,  supra-auricular, 
etc.  Use  the  diaeresis  instead  of  the  hyphen  in  all  cases 
where  permissible,  as  :  ante  eternity . 

Bi,  tri,  demi,  semi.  —  Make  one  word,  except  when 
the  root  word  begins  with  i,  as:  biangular,  triaxial, 
semicivilized,  etc. ;  but  bi-iliac,  semi-independent,  etc. 

By  and  by  and  by  the  bye  do  not  take  hyphens. 

Co,  pre,  re.  —  When  prefixed  to  words  beginning 
with  the  vowel  of  the  prefix,  use  the  diaeresis  on  the 
second  vowel,  as:  cooperate,  preempt,  reembark,  etc.; 
prefixed  to  words  beginning  with  a  different  vowel 
or  a  consonant,  make  one  word,  as :  preoccupy,  colaborer, 
reconstruct,  etc.;  but  where,  under  the  latter  rule,  a 
word  having  a  different  meaning  from  that  desired 
would  be  formed,  use  the  hyphen,  as:  re-collect,  re- 
form, re-creation,  etc. 

Colors.  —  Adjectives  in  ish,  make  two  words,  as : 
bluish  red,  yellowish  green,  etc. ;  but  where  a  noun  is 
compounded  with  a  color,  use  the  hyphen,  as :  emerald- 
green,  iron-gray,  ivory-black,  pearl-gray,  etc. 

Ever,  never.  —  Make  two  words,  as :  ever  changing 
sea,  ever  memorable  scene,  never  ending  talk,  etc. 

Fellow.  —  Make  two  words,  as :  fellow  citizens, 
fellow  soldiers,  etc.  Fellowship  is  the  sole  exception. 

Fold.  —  Make  one  word,  as :  twofold,  tenfold,  twenty- 
fold,  hundredfold,  etc. 

Fractions.  —  Make  two  words,  as  one  half,  three 
quarters,  etc. ;  but  use  hyphen  in  cases  like  one-half 
interest,  two-thirds  share,  My  life  is  two-thirds  spent. 

Good-by,  good  day,  good  night  are  the  correct  forms. 
[37] 


STYLE 

Half.  —  With  adjective  before  a  noun,  use  hyphen ; 
after  a  noun,  make  two  words,  as :  half -dead  man,  1 
was  half  dead  with  shame.  With  verbs,  make  two 
words,  as:  half  conceal,  half  understand,  etc.  Also, 
note  half  a  dozen,  half  an  hour. 

Like.  —  Make  one  word,  except  where  root  word 
ends  in  two  Z's,  as :  businesslike,  childlike,  warlike;  but, 
ball-like,  bell-like. 

Master.  —  Make  two  words,  as :  master  builder, 
master  mariner,  master  stroke,  etc.  The  word  master- 
piece is  always  one  word. 

Mid.  —  Use  the  hyphen,  except  in  cases  of  words  in 
common  use,  as  :  mid-air,  mid-channel,  mid-ocean,  etc. ; 
midday,  midstream,  midsummer. 

Non.  —  Make  one  word,  as :  nonimportation,  non- 
intercourse,  nonfluid,  etc. 

Over.  —  With  verbs,  adjectives,  and  nouns,  make 
one  word,  as :  overestimate,  overbold,  overirrigation,  etc. 

Party.  —  Use  hyphen,  as :  party-coated,  party-colored, 
etc. 

Points  of  Compass.  —  Make  one  word,  as :  northeast, 
southwest;  but  use  hyphen  in  cases  like  north-northeast, 
west-southwest,  etc. 

Quasi.  —  Make  two  words,  as :  quasi  legal,  quasi 
historical,  quasi  temporal,  etc. 

Room.  —  Make  ballroom,  bedroom,  and  classroom  one 
word ;  make  breakfast  room,  court  room,  dining  room, 
sitting  room,  and  sleeping  room  two  words ;  compound 
drawing-room. 

School.  —  Make  schoolbook,  schoolboy,  schoolfellow, 
schoolgirl,  schoolhouse,  schoolmaster,  schoolmate,  school- 

[38] 


STYLE 

mistress,  schoolroom,  and  schooltime  one  word;  make 
school  board,  school  children,  school  committee,  school 
days,  school  district,  and  school  ship  two  words;  com- 
pound school-teacher  and  school-teaching. 

Self.  —  Compound  self-absorbed,  self-assumed,  self- 
contempt,  self-respect,  etc.  Make  selfsame  one  word. 

Skin.  —  Where  root  word  is  one  syllable,  make  one 
word,  as :  calfskin,  goatskin,  sheepskin,  etc.  Where 
root  word  is  of  more  than  one  syllable,  make  two 
words,  as  :  beaver  skin,  buffalo  skin,  etc. 

So  called.  —  Compound  this  phrase  only  when  it 
occurs  before  the  word  or  words  modified  by  it. 

To-day,  to-night,  etc.,  retain  the  hyphen. 

Tree.  —  Make  two  words  in  all  cases,  except  where 
used  as  an  adjective,  when  it  is  compounded,  as  :  apple 
tree,  forest  tree,  fruit  tree,  etc.  Adjective  form  :  apple- 
tree  borer,  fruit-tree  beetle,  etc. 

Un  and  in.  —  Make  one  word  in  all  cases,  as :  unin- 
habitable, incorruptible. 

Under.  —  With  verbs,  adjectives,  and  nouns,  make 
one  word,  as :  undersell,  undersized,  understatement,  etc. 

Give  preference  to  the  following  forms : 

airship  downstairs  headwaters 

birth  rate  downstream  highroad 

byways  everyday  (adj.}  horse  power 

car  fare  farmhouse  ironclad 

courtyard  hairbreadth  knickknack 

cross  section  halfway  long-suffering 

death  rate  headquarters  (adj.  and  noun) 

[391 


STYLE 


lookout 

sea  level 

upstairs 

newcomer 

subject  matter 

wave  length 

notebook 

textbook 

well-being 

nowadays 

thoroughgoing 

well-nigh 

post  office 

title-page 

widespread 

Where  an  adverb  and  a  participial  adjective  or  a 
participle  come  before  a  noun,  do  not  use  the  hyphen, 
as  :  prettily  dressed  girl,  rapidly  approaching  winter. 

Distinguish  carefully  between  all  together,  meaning 
"  in  all,"  and  altogether,  meaning  "  wholly,"  "  entirely." 

Distinguish  between  anyway,  an  adverb,  and  the 
phrase  in  any  way;  nowise  and  in  no  wise;  awhile  and 
for  a  while.  Always  make  meantime  and  meanwhile 
one  word,  as :  meantime,  in  the  meantime;  meanwhile, 
in  the  meanwhile. 

Never  allow  on  to  to  go  as  one  word.  Where  an 
author  wishes  to  introduce  this  combination  of  preposi- 
tions, the  words  should  be  kept  separate. 

Keep  near  by  two  words,  despite  the  tendency  of 
modern  newspaper  practice.  When  the  words  occur 
as  an  adjective  before  a  noun,  connect  them  by  a 
hyphen,  as  :  a  near-by  farmhouse. 

DIVISION  OF  WORDS 

Avoid  the  unnecessary  division  of  a  word. 

Avoid,  where  possible,  two-letter  divisions.  Never 
carry  over  two  letters  only. 

Avoid  dividing  flower,  power,  prayer,  toward,  and  voyage. 

Avoid  separating  divisional  marks  like  (1),  (2),  (a), 
and  (6)  from  the  matter  to  which  they  pertain. 
[40] 


STYLE 

Divide  when  possible,  and  where  it  is  a  correct 
division,'  on  the  vowel :  propo-sition,  not  prop-osition; 
but  in  the  case  of  words  compounded  with  prefixes, 
divide  on  the  prefix  :  dis-obey,  dis-pleasure,  sub-ordinate, 
un-able.  Also  in  words  having  the  suffixes  able  and 
ible,  the  suffix  should  not  be  divided:  consider-able, 
fashion-able,  defens-ible,  etc.  (The  last  rule  does  not 
apply  to  words  like  a-me-na-ble,  char-i-ta-ble,  etc.) 

In  carrying  over  the  last  syllable  of  words  ending  in 
gion  and  sion,  divide  as  follows :  conta-gion,  deri-sion, 
divi-sion,  provi-sion,  reli-gion,  etc. 

Carry  over  the  t  in  all  cases  of  divisions  like  adven-ture, 
fea-ture,  for-tune,  pic-ture,  presump-tuous,  etc. 

In  present  participles,  carry  over  the  ing,  as :  divid- 
ing, mak-ing,  fore-ing,  charg-ing  (but  note  that  twin- 
kUng,  chuc-kling,  etc.,  are  exceptions). 

Use  the  division  knowl-edge,  except  where  the  Eng- 
lish form  know-ledge  is  required  in  books  following 
English  style  in  other  respects. 

Note  the  divisions  atmos-phere  and  hemi-sphere. 

In  the  case  of  a  word  which  already  has  a  hyphen, 
avoid  an  additional  hyphen,  as :  self-absorbed,  not  self- 
ab-sorbed;  long-suffering,  not  long-suf-fering. 

List  of  Correct  Divisions,  for  Quick  Reference 

ad-mi-ra-ble  colo-nel 

a-me-na-ble  com-man-dant 

ap-pli-ca-ble  com-mu-ni-ty 

be-nef-i-cent]  cor-re-spond 

ca-pa-ble  dem-on-strate  (Web.) 

char-ac-ter  de-mon-strate  (War.) 

[41] 


STYLE 


ear-nest 

op-por-tu-ni-ty 

es-pe-cial 

pe-cul-iar 

ex-plo-ra-tion 

pe-cu-li  -ar-i  -ty 

for-mi-da-ble 

pri-ma-ri-ly 

gen-er-al 

pro-cess 

ig-no-rance 

prod-uct 

im-por-tance 

prog-ress  (n.) 

in-de-pend-ent  (Web.} 

pro-gress  (v.) 

in-de-pen-dent  (Wor.) 

proph-e-cy 

in-dis-pen-sa-ble 

pro-phet-ic 

in-dis-pu-ta-ble 

rep-re-sen-ta-tion 

in-di-vid-u-al 

rep-re-sent-a-tive 

in-ev-i-ta-ble 

self-ish 

in-hab-it-ant 

sig-nif-i-cant 

leg-is-la-ture 

sys-tem-at-ic 

mu-nic-i-pal 

thou-sand 

neg-lect 

wom-an 

nu-mer-ous 

Worces-ter 

ITALIC  AND  ROMAN  TYPE 

Ad  loc.,  circa  (ca.),  ibid.,  idem,  infra,  loc.  cit.,  op.  cit., 
passim,  supra,  versus  (v.,  vs.),  and  vide  are  always 
italic,  except  when  occurring  in  italic  matter,  when 
they  are  roman. 

Cf.,  sc.,  and  viz.  are  always  roman,  except  in  italic 
matter. 

E.g.,  i.e.,  I.e.,  s.v.,  and  v.l.  are  always  italic  (except 
in  italic  matter),  and  have  no  space  between  the 
two  letters.  After  e.g.  and  i.e.  no  comma  is  used. 

Names  of  books,  short  stories,  pictures,  plays,  poems, 
and  articles  are  roman  and  quoted ;  of  magazines  and 

[42] 


STYLE 

papers  are  italic;  of  characters  in  books,  plays,  etc., 
are  roman  without  quotes. 

Names  of  plaintiff  and  defendant  in  citations  of  legal 
causes  are  preferably  italic,  though  often  found  roman. 

Names  of  ships  are  italic. 

Resolved  in  resolutions  is  italic. 

s.  and  d.  (shilling  and  pence)  following  figures  are 
italic. 

Specified  words  or  phrases  can  be  italic  or  roman 
quoted,  to  differentiate  them  from  the  context.  In 
this  manual  of  style  they  are  italic. 

The  following  foreign  phrases  are  italic : 

ancien  regime  hors  de  combat  noblesse  oblige 

bete  noire  in  re  per  se 

comme  ilfaut  jeu  d' esprit  raison  d'etre 

de  trop  mise  en  scene  tour  de  force 

The  following  words  and  phrases  from  foreign  lan- 
guages are  now  so  common  as  to  be  set  in  roman. 
Note  the  preferred  spellings  : 


ad  valorem 
aid-de-camp 
alias 
alibi 

chaperon 
charge  d'affaires 
chiaroscuro 
contra 

pro  rata] 
protege 
regime 
rendezvous 

alma  mater 

debris 

role 

apropos 
beau  ideal 
billet-doux 
bona  fide 

debut 
dilettante 
dramatis  personae 
ennui 

savant 
status  quo 
verbatim 
via 

cafe 

fete 

vice  versa 

carte  blanche 

gratis 

viva  voce 

[43] 

STYLE 

NUMBERS 

Spell  out  all  numbers  of  less  than  four  figures,  and 
all  round  numbers.  Numbers  of  four  or  more  figures 
set  in  figures.  By  round  numbers  are  meant  hundreds, 
thousands,  etc.,  and  all  multiples  of  hundreds,  thou- 
sands, etc.  Round  numbers  coming  in  close  connection 
with  numbers  not  round  should  be  set  in  figures. 
When  numbers  occur  in  great  frequency  in  a  paragraph, 
section,  or  chapter,  as  in  statistical  matter,  set  all  num- 
bers in  figures. 

Cases  like  2300  are  spelled  twenty-three  hundred,  not 
two  thousand  three  hundred. 

A  comma  is  used  only  in  numbers  of  five  or  more 
figures:  5560,  not  5,560;  but  55,670. 

A  number  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  is  spelled  out. 
If  the  number  is  of  large  size,  editors  sometimes  repeat 
the  number  in  figures,  inclosed  in  parenthesis  marks. 

Note  that  while  the  conventional  sign  for  spelling 
out  a  figure  is  to  ring  it  round  with  a  pen  or  pencil 
mark,  the  words  "  Spell  out  "  should  be  written  in  the 
margin  as  well. 

"O"  AND  "On" 

0  is  an  expression  used  (a)  in  directly  addressing  a 
person  or  a  personified  object ;  (6)  in  uttering  a  wish ; 
and  (c)  to  express  surprise,  indignation,  or  regret,  when 
it  is  frequently  followed  by  an  ellipsis  and  that,  as  : 

a.  O  Lord,  have  mercy  on  us ! 

Break  on  thy  cold  gray  stones,  O  sea ! 

b.  O  that  I  had  wings  like  a  dove ! 
O  for  rest  and  peace ! 

[441 


STYLE 

c.   O  [  it  is  sad  ]  that  such  eyes  should  e'er  meet  other 
object ! 

0  is  also  used  in  the  expressions  0  dear  and  0  dear  me. 
Oh  is   used   (a)   as  an  interjection   and  (6)  as  the 
colloquial  introduction  to  a  sentence,  as  : 

a.  Oh !  my  offense  is  rank. 
Oh,  how  could  you  do  it ! 

b.  Oh,  John,  will  you  close  the  door  ? 
Oh,  yes,  with  pleasure. 

In  an  exclamatory  sentence,  note  that  only  one 
exclamation  point  is  permitted  to  a  sentence. 

PUNCTUATION 

Comma  in  Series.  —  Use  comma  before  the  conjunc- 
tion in  series,  as :  George,  James,  and  John;  he  could 
not  read,  write,  or  figure;  handsome,  rich,  but  unhappy. 

Comma  between  Adjectives.  —  Use  comma  between 
adjectives  not  connected  by  a  conjunction,  unless  one 
adjective  is  included  in  thought  with  the  matter  modified 
by  the  adjective  which  precedes  it,  as :  A  cold,  windy 
day  ;  but,  a  beautiful  young  lady. 

Comma  before  Quotation.  —  Before  a  quotation  run 
in  in  a  paragraph,  if  the  quotation  consists  of  one  sen- 
tence use  a  comma,  if  of  more  than  one,  use  a  colon. 

Comma  and  Semicolon.  —  In  sentences  containing 
two  sets  of  subjects  and  predicates  —  in  other  words, 
two  clauses  —  connected  by  and,  but,  or  some  similar 
conjunction,  the  clauses  should  be  separated  by  at  least 
a  comma ;  and  if  either  clause  is  very  long  or  contains  a 

[45] 


STYLE 

subordinate  clause,  use  a  semicolon.  The  foregoing 
sentence  illustrates  the  use  of  the  semicolon. 

Colon  with  "as  follows,"  etc. — At  the  end  of  a 
paragraph,  after  words  or  phrases  like  as  follows,  the 
following,  namely,  thus,  said,  remarked,  etc.,  use  the 
colon  and  no  dash. 

Quotation  Marks.  —  In  sentences  terminating  in  the 
close  of  a  quotation  and  an  exclamation  point  or  an 
interrogation  point,  do  not  quote  the  punctuation 
unless  it  is  part  of  the  quotation,  as : 

How  absurd  to  call  this  stripling  a  "  man  " ! 
but        He  cried  out,  "Wake  up,  something  is  going 
wrong !  " 

Can  we  by  any  mistake  call  him  a  "  man  "  ? 
but        One  is  crazed  by  its  "  Now  then,  where  am  I 
to  go  ?  " 

In  the  case  of  a  semicolon  and  the  close  of  a  quotation, 
if  the  quoted  matter  consists  of  one  or  two  words  or  a 
mere  phrase,  do  not  quote  the  semicolon ;  but  if  a 
noun  and  its  verb  are  included  within  the  quotation 
marks,  quote  the  semicolon  too,  as : 

The  punctuation  of  "  Tristram  Shandy  "  will  nat- 
urally differ  from  that  of  the  "  Rambler  " ;  and  in  a 
less  degree  the  punctuation  in  Burke,  etc. 

Sir  Walter  said  to  him,  "  My  friend,  give  me  your 
hand,  for  mine  is  that  of  a  beggar ;  "  for,  in  truth,  the 
house,  etc. 

If  the  style  of  a  book  is  to  quote  verse,  letters,  and 
other  extracts,  in  poetry  a  new  quote  should  begin  on 
every  new  stanza,  in  prose  on  every  paragraph  and 

[46] 


STYLE 

break  line.  But  in  extracts  from  plays,  place  a  quo- 
tation mark  before  the  first  word  only  of  the  extract, 
and  end  after  the  last  word.  The  proper  form  for 
quotes  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  a  letter  is  as  follows  : 

"  6  SCROPE  TERRACE,  CAMBRIDGE, 

"  June  20,  1898. 
"DEAR  SIR: 

"  With  reference  to  the  Vortex-atom  Theory,  I 

******** 
concerned  is  very  complex. 
"  Believe  me 

"  Yours  very  truly, 

"J.  J.  THOMPSON. 
"PROFESSOR  S.  W.  HOLMAN." 

According  to  the  best  modern  practice  letters  are 
distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the  text  by  the  use  of 
smaller  type  or  by  setting  solid.  This  does  away  with 
the  need  of  quotation  marks  and  gives  better  effects. 

Semicolon  before  "  namely."  —  Use  a  semicolon  be- 
fore the  word  namely,  and  a  comma  after  it,  as :  There 
are  several  routes  to  New  York;  namely,  the  various  all-rail 
routes,  the  part-rail  part-water  route,  and  the  all-water 
route. 

Apostrophe  and  the  Possessive.  —  To  form  the  pos- 
sessive singular  of  common  and  proper  nouns,  add  the 
apostrophe  and  s,  as:  countess's,  Keats' 's;  but  in  the 
case  of  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  or  where  the 
pronunciation  would  be  rendered  awkward  on  account 
of  the  addition  of  the  apostrophe  and  s,  add  the  apos- 
trophe only,  as:  in  righteousness'  name,  with  all  Her- 
cules' strength.  Add  the  apostrophe  only  in  case  of 

[47] 


STYLE 

words  ending  in  a  sibilant  followed  by  sake,  as:  for 
appearance'  sake,  for  conscience'  sake,  for  goodness'  sake, 
etc.  To  words  like  Achilles,  Jesus,  and  Xerxes  add  the 
apostrophe  only,  under  the  principle  that  the  pronun- 
ciation would  be  rendered  difficult  by  the  addition  of 
both  the  apostrophe  and  s. 

Period  after  Numerals.  —  Omit  the  period  after 
roman  numerals  in  all  cases,  as  :  Book  II,  James  I,  etc. 

The  Dash.  —  In  case  of  a  broken,  or  interrupted, 
sentence,  use  an  em  dash  rather  than  a  two-em  dash. 
Dashes  should  be  separated  from  the  words  before  and 
after  them  by  a  thin  space. 

The  principal  use  of  the  two-em  dash  is  to  indicate 

the  omission  of  letters,  as :  /  saw  Mr.  D and 

Miss  E .  In  this  case  the  dash  is  close  up  to  the 

letter  preceding  it,  but  takes  the  regular  spacing  of  the 
rest  of  the  line  after  it. 

Parentheses  and  Brackets.  —  Parenthesis  marks 
are  used  to  inclose  matter  having  no  essential  connec- 
tion with  the  rest  of  the  sentence  in  which  it  occurs. 
Brackets  inclose  matter  which  is  wholly  independent 
of  the  text,  such  as  comments,  queries,  or  directions 
inserted  by  some  person  other  than  the  original  writer. 
Brackets  are  also  used  to  inclose  parenthetical  matter 
already  included  in  parenthesis  marks,  to  avoid  doubling 
up  of  the  latter. 

Punctuation  after  Italic.  —  After  a  whole  word  in 
italic  use  italic  punctuation;  but  after  a  single  italic 
letter  or  an  italic  figure  use  roman  punctuation.  Use 
roman  punctuation  after  a  roman  close-parenthesis 
mark,  even  though  the  matter  in  parentheses  is  italic. 

.    [48] 


STYLE 

SPELLING 

Authorized  Forms  of  Words  of  Common  Occurrence,  for  Quick  Reference 


Webster 

Standard 

Century 

Worcester 

abridgment 

abridgment 

abridgment 

abridgment 

accouter 

accouter 

accoutre 

accoutre 

adz 

adz 

adz 

adze 

aesthetic 

esthetic 

esthetic 

aesthetic 

aid-de-camp 

aid-de-camp 

aide-de-camp 

aide-de-camp 

albinos 

albinos 

albinos 

albinos 

altos 

altos 

altos 

altos 

amphitheater 

amphitheater 

amphitheater 

amphitheatre 

appareled  1 

appareled 

appareled 

apparelled 

armadillos 

armadillos 

armadillos 

armadillos 

ascendancy 

ascendency 

ascendancy 

ascendency 

ax 

ax 

ax 

axe 

bazaar 

bazaar 

bazaar 

bazaar 

behoove 

behoove 

behoove 

behoove 

benefited 

benefited 

benefited 

benefited 

biased 

biased 

biased 

biassed 

bouquet 

bouquet 

bouquet 

bouquet 

bowlder 

boulder 

boulder 

boulder 

brier 

brier 

brier 

brier 

buffaloes 

buffaloes 

buffaloes 

buffaloes 

caliber 

caliber 

caliber 

caliber 

calk 

calk 

calk 

calk 

canon 

canon 

canon 

canon 

cantos 

cantos 

cantos 

cantos 

caravansary 

caravansary 

caravansary 

caravansary 

carcass 

carcass 

carcass 

carcass 

caroled 

caroled 

caroled 

carolled 

center 

center 

center 

centre 

centos 

centos 

centos 

centos 

1  The  past  tense  of  verbs  is  given  in  this  list  for  purposes  of  illustration ; 
it  is  of  course  understood  that  the  present  participle  is  formed  on  the  same 
principle. 

[49] 


STYLE 


Webster 

Standard 

Century 

Worcester 

check 

check 

check 

check 

checkered 

checkered 

checkered 

checkered 

chicory 

chicory 

chicory 

chiccory 

chromos 

chromos 

chromos 

chromos 

clew 

clue 

clue 

clew 

coconut 

coconut 

cocoanut 

cocoanut 

combated 

combated 

combated 

combated 

conjurer  (juggler) 

conjurer 

conjurer 

conjurer 

corselet 

corselet 

corselet 

corselet 

cotillion 

cotillion 

cotillion 

cotillon 

councilor 

councilor 

councilor 

councillor 

counselor 

counselor 

counselor 

counsellor 

cozily 

cozily 

cozily 

cosily 

cozy 

cozy 

cozy 

cosey 

crenelated 

crenelated 

crenelated 

crenellated 

criticize 

criticize 

criticize 

criticise 

crystallize 

crystallize 

crystallize 

crystallize 

curvetted 

curveted 

curveted 

curveted 

cyclopedia 

cyclopedia 

cyclopedia 

cyclopaedia 

defense 

defense 

defense 

defence 

demarcation 

demarcation 

demarcation 

demarcation 

desperadoes 

desperadoes 

desperados 

desperadoes 

develop 

develop 

develop 

develop 

diaeresis 

dieresis 

dieresis 

diaeresis 

diarrhea 

diarrhea 

diarrhea 

diarrhoea 

didos 

didos 

didos 

didos 

dike 

dike 

dike 

dike 

disheveled 

disheveled 

disheveled 

dishevelled 

disk 

disk 

disk 

disk 

dispatch 

despatch 

despatch 

despatch 

distill 

distil 

distil 

distil 

distributor 

distributor 

distributer 

distributer 

domicile 

domicil 

domicile 

domicile 

dominoes 

dominoes 

dominoes 

dominos 

drought 

drought 

drought 

drought 

[50] 

STYLE 


Webster 

Standard 

Century 

Worcester 

dryly 

dryly 

dryly 

dryly 

dullness 

dulness 

dullness 

dulness 

duodecimos 

duodecimos 

duodecimos 

duodecimos 

dynamos 

dynamos 

dynamos 

dynamos 

echoes 

echoes 

echoes 

echoes 

ecstasy 

ecstasy 

ecstasy 

ecstasy 

embarkation 

embarkation 

embarkation 

embarkation 

embed 

embed 

embed 

embed 

enamor 

enamor 

enamour 

enamour 

encumbrance 

encumbrance 

encumbrance 

encumbrance 

engulf 

engulf 

engulf 

ingulf 

enroll 

enroll 

enroll 

enroll 

enrollment 

enrolment 

enrolment 

enrolment 

enthrall 

enthrall 

enthrall 

inthrall 

envelop  (».)  I 

envelop 

envelop 

envelop 

envelope  (n.) 

envelope 

envelop 

envelope 

equaled 

equaled 

equaled 

equalled 

esophagus 

esophagus 

esophagus 

oesophagus 

feldspar 

feldspar 

feldspar 

felspar 

fetish 

fetish 

fetish 

fetich 

fiber 

fiber 

fiber 

fibre 

filigree 

filigree 

filigree 

filigree 

fledgling 

fledgling 

fledgling 

fledgling 

focused 

focused 

focused 

focussed 

frescoes 

frescos 

frescos 

frescos 

fulfill 

fulfil 

fulfil 

fulfil 

fullness 

fulness 

fullness 

fulness 

gantlet  (to  "run 

gantlet 

gantlet 

gantlet 

the") 

gauntlet  (glove) 

gauntlet 

gauntlet 

gauntlet 

Gauchos 

Gauchos 

Gauchos 

Gauchos 

gayety 

gaiety 

gaiety 

gayety 

gayly 

gaily 

gaily 

gayly 

glamor 

glamour 

glamour 

glamour 

good-by 

good-by 

good-by 

good-by 

[51] 

STYLE 

Webster 

Standard 

Century 

Worcester 

gram 

gram 

gram 

gramme 

grottoes 

grottoes 

grottoes 

grottos 

gruesome 

gruesome 

gruesome 

grewsome 

guerrilla 

guerrilla 

guerrilla 

guerilla 

gypsy 

gipsy 

gipsy 

gypsy 

halos 

halos 

halos 

halos 

halyard 

halyard 

halyard 

halyard 

heroes 

heroes 

heroes 

heroes 

humbugged 

humbugged 

humbugged 

humbugged 

impale 

empale 

impale 

empale 

imperiled 

imperiled 

imperiled 

imperilled 

incase 

incase 

incase 

incase 

inclose 

enclose 

inclose 

enclose 

incrust 

incrust 

incrust 

incrust 

indorse 

indorse 

indorse 

indorse 

infold 

infold 

infold 

infold 

ingrain 

ingrain 

ingrain 

ingrain 

inquire 

inquire 

inquire 

inquire 

insnare 

ensnare 

insnare 

ensnare 

install 

install 

install 

install 

installment 

installment 

instalment 

instalment 

instill 

instil 

instil 

instil 

insure 

insure 

insure 

insure 

intrench 

entrench 

intrench 

intrench 

intrust 

entrust 

intrust 

intrust 

juntos 

juntos 

juntos 

juntos 

kidnaped 

kidnaped 

kidnapped 

kidnapped 

lackey 

lackey 

lackey 

lackey 

lassos 

lassos 

lassos 

lassos 

libeled 

libeled 

libeled 

libelled 

liter 

liter 

liter 

litre 

lodgment 

lodgment 

lodgment 

lodgement 

luster 

luster 

luster 

lustre 

maneuver 

maneuver 

manoeuver 

manoeuvre 

manikin 

manikin 

manikin 

manikin 

[52] 

STYLE 


Webster 

Standard 

Century 

Worcester 

marshaled 

marshaled 

marshaled 

marshalled 

marveled 

marveled 

marveled 

marvelled 

marvelous 

marvelous 

marvelous 

marvellous 

mauger 

maugre 

maugre 

maugre 

meager 

meager 

meager 

meagre 

medieval 

medieval 

medieval 

mediaeval 

mementos 

mementos 

mementos 

mementos 

merinos 

merinos 

merinos 

merinos 

mestizos 

mestizos 

mestizos 

mestizos 

meter 

meter 

meter 

metre 

millionaire 

millionaire 

millionaire 

millionnaire 

miter 

miter 

miter 

mitre 

modeled 

modeled 

modeled 

modelled 

mold 

mold 

mold 

mould 

mollusk 

mollusk 

mollusk 

mollusk 

molt 

molt 

molt 

moult 

mosquitoes 

mosquitoes 

mosquitoes 

mosquitoes 

mottoes 

mottos 

mottos 

mottoes 

mustache 

mustache 

mustache 

mustache 

naught 

naught 

naught 

naught 

niter 

niter 

niter 

nitre 

nonplused 

nonplused 

nonplussed 

nonplussed 

ocher 

ocher 

ocher 

ochre 

octavos 

octavos 

octavos 

octavos 

offense 

offense 

offense 

offence 

papoose 

papoose 

papoose 

pappoose 

paraffin 

paraffin 

paraffin 

paraffine 

paralleled 

paralleled 

paralleled 

paralleled 

partisan 

partizan 

partizan 

partisan 

pasha 

pasha 

pasha 

pacha 

peddler 

pedler 

peddler 

pedler 

phoenix 

phenix 

phenix 

phoenix 

pianos 

pianos 

pianos 

pianos 

pimentos 

pimentos 

pimentos 

pimentos 

plow 

plow 

plow 

plough 

[53] 

STYLE 


Webster 

Standard 

Century 

Worcester 

poniard 

poniard 

poniard 

poniard 

porticoes 

porticoes 

porticos 

porticos 

postilion 

postilion 

postilion 

postilion 

potatoes 

potatoes 

potatoes 

potatoes 

practice  (n.) 

practise 

practice 

practice 

practice  (».) 

practise 

practise 

practise 

pretense 

pretense 

pretense 

pretence 

program 

program 

program 

programme 

provisos 

provisos 

provisos 

provisos 

Pygmy 

pygmy 

Pygmy 

pygmy 

quarreled 

quarreled 

quarreled 

quarrelled 

quartos 

quartos 

quartos 

quartos 

raccoon 

raccoon 

racoon 

raccoon 

reconnoiter 

reconnoiter 

reconnoiter 

reconnoitre 

reenforce 

reenforce  1 

reinforce 

reenforce 

reveled 

reveled 

reveled 

revelled 

reverie 

reverie 

reverie 

revery 

rime  (verse) 

rime 

rime 

rhyme 

rivaled 

rivaled 

rivaled 

rivalled 

riveted 

riveted 

riveted 

riveted 

saber 

saber 

saber 

sabre 

saltpeter] 

saltpeter 

saltpeter 

saltpetre 

salvos 

salvos 

salvos 

salvos 

savior  (one  who 

savior 

savior 

saviour 

saves) 

Savior  (Christ) 

Saviour 

Saviour 

Saviour 

scepter 

scepter 

scepter 

sceptre 

scimitar 

simitar 

simitar 

cimeter 

sepulcher 

sepulcher 

sepulcher 

sepulchre 

shriveled 

shriveled 

shriveled 

shrivelled 

shyly 

shyly 

shyly 

shyly 

siroccos 

siroccos 

siroccos 

siroccos 

sirup  sirup  syrup  syrup 

1  The  Standard  Dictionary  omits  the  diaeresis  on  all  words  like  cooperate, 
preempt,  reentrance,  etc. 

[54] 


STYLE 


Webster 

Standard 

Century 

Worcester 

skeptic 

skeptic 

skeptic 

sceptic 

skillful 

skilful 

skilful 

skilful 

slyly 

slyly 

slyly 

slyly 

smolder 

smolder 

smolder 

smoulder 

sobriquet 

sobriquet 

sobriquet 

sobriquet 

solos 

solos 

solos 

solos 

somber 

somber 

somber 

sombre 

specter 

specter 

specter 

spectre 

stanch 

stanch 

stanch 

stanch 

stayed 

stayed 

stayed 

stayed 

stilettos 

stilettos 

stilettos 

stilettos 

story  (a  floor) 

story 

story 

story 

sulphureted 

sulphureted 

sulphureted 

sulphuretted 

theater 

theater 

theater 

theatre 

thralldom 

thraldom 

thraldom 

thraldom 

tomatoes 

tomatoes 

tomatoes 

tomatoes 

tonsillitis 

tonsillitis 

tonsillitis 

tonsillitis 

torsos 

torsos 

torsos 

torsos 

tranquilize 

tranquilize 

tranquilize 

tranquillize 

traveled 

traveled 

traveled 

travelled 

tyros 

tyros 

tyros 

tyros 

vender  (except  in 

vender 

vender 

vender 

legal  use) 

veranda 

veranda 

veranda 

veranda 

villainous,  -y 

villainous,  -y 

villainous,  -y 

villanous,  -y 

vise  (a  tool) 

vise 

vise 

vice 

visor 

vizor 

vizor 

visor 

whisky 

whisky 

whisky 

whiskey 

whiz 

whiz 

whizz 

whiz 

willful 

wilful 

wilful 

wilful 

woeful 

woful 

woeful 

woful 

woolen 

woolen 

woolen 

woollen 

worshiped 

worshiped 

worshiped 

worshipped 

zeros 

zeros 

zeros 

zeros 

zigzagged 

zigzagged 

zigzagged 

zigzagged 

[55] 


arbour 

discolour 

in  vigour 

ardour 

dolour 

labour 

armour 

endeavour 

misbehaviour 

behaviour 

favour 

misdemeanour 

candour 

fervour 

neighbour 

clamour 

flavour 

odour 

clangour 

harbour 

parlour 

colour 

honour 

rancour 

demeanour 

humour 

rigour 

STYLE 

English  Spelling 

Many  words  which  in  American  dictionaries  end  in  or, 
according  to  the  English  style  of  spelling  end  in  our. 
Among  words  thus  ending  in  our  are : 

rumour 

savour 

splendour 

succour 

labour 

tumour 

valour 

vapour 

vigour 

Note  that  discoloration,  horror,  invigorate,  invigoration, 
mirror,  pallor,  tenor,  terror,  and  tremor  do  not  take  the  u. 

When  an  adjective  is  formed  from  any  of  the  above 
words  by  adding  ous,  the  ending  of  the  original  word 
becomes  simply  or  as  in  American  dictionaries,  as: 
clamorous,  dolorous,  humorous,  laborious. 

While  the  our  words  are  always  found  in  English 
spelling,  it  is  only  occasionally  that  English  books 
follow  the  style  which  changes  verbs  ending,  in  Ameri- 
can dictionaries,  in  ize  to  ise,  as  :  civilise,  realise,  utilise. 

Distinctively  English  spellings  (sometimes  used  and 
sometimes  not)  are  the  forms  anyone,  everyone,  someone, 
and  for  ever,  and  the  following : 
behove  gaiety  lacquey  shily 

briar  gaol  moustache  slily 

cheque  gipsy  nought  staunch 

connexion  inflexion  pigmy  storey  (floor) 

drily  instal  postillion  verandah 

enquire  judgement  reflexion  waggon 

[56] 


STYLE 


Proper  Names 

The  following  list  of  proper  names  sometimes  mis- 
spelled is  given  for  quick  reference  purposes : 

Luxembourg  (palace,  gardens) 
Luxemburg  (duchy) 
Macdonald,  George 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford 
Magdalene  College,  Cambridge 
Morris,  Gouverneur 
Oliphant,  Laurence 
Poe,  Edgar  Allan 
Procter,  Adelaide 
Procter,  Bryan  Waller 
Proctor,  Richard  A. 
Pyrenees 

Read,  Thomas  Buchanan 
Reade,  Charles 
Reed,  Thomas  Brackett 
Reid,  Captain  Mayne 
Reid,  Whitelaw 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes 
Seton,  Ernest  Thompson 
Sidney,  Sir  Philip 
Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney 
Smith,  Sydney 
Spencer,  Herbert 
Spenser,  Edmund 
Stephenson,  George 
Stevenson,  Robert  Louis 
Sterne,  Laurence 
Sumter,  Fort 
Thompson,  Sylvanus  P. 
Thomson,  Elihu 
Thomson,    Sir    William    (Lord 
Kelvin) 


Addams,  Jane 

Alma-Tadema,  Laurence 

Apennines 

Bernhardt,  Sarah 

Biglow  Papers 

Britannia 

Brittany 

Caribbean  Sea 

Carlyle,  Thomas 

Gary,  Alice  and  Phoebe 

Correggio 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry 

Defoe,  Daniel 

De  Quincey,  Thomas 

Douglas,  Stephen  A. 

Douglass,  Frederick 

Fenelon,  Frangois 

Field,  Cyrus  W. 

Fields,  James  T. 

Fiske,  John 

Gerome,  J.  L. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey 

Greeley,  Horace 

Greely,  General  A.  W. 

Green,  John  Richard 

Greene,  General  Nathanael 

Harrison,  Frederic 

Hutton,  Laurence 

Johnson,  Dr.  Samuel 

Jonson,  Ben 

Lichfield,  England 

Litchfield,  Conn. 


57] 


STYLE 

Tyndale,  Wuliam  Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry 

Tyndall,  John  Watt,  James 

Walton,  Izaak  Watts,  Isaac 

Ward,  Artemas  (general)  Wiggin,  Kate  Douglas 

Ward,  Artemus  (humorist)  Wood,  Anthony 

Henrys,  Jerseys,  Mussulmans,  and  the  Two  Sicilies 
are  the  correct  plural  forms  of  these  proper  names. 

Shakespeare  is  the  most  usual  spelling.  Divide 
Shake-speare. 


[58] 


OLD  NAMES  FOR  FONTS  OF  TYPE  IN  COMMON  USE, 
WITH  CORRESPONDING  SIZES  UNDER  THE  POINT 

SYSTEM 

Diamond 4£-Point 

Pearl 5-Point 

Agate ' 5fPoint 

Nonpareil 6-Point 

Minion 7-Point 

Brevier 8-Point 

Bourgeois 9-Point 

Long  Primer 10-Point 

Small  Pica 11-Point 

Pica 12-Point 

English 14-Point 

Great  Primer  .                                                 .          .  18-Point 


[59] 


SIGNS  USED  IN   CORRECTING  PROOFS 

J^    =    Push  down  the  lead  which  is  showing 
with  the  type. 

#  Delete;  take  out. 

9  Turn  inverted  letter  right  side  up. 

(  Let    it    remain  ;     change    made    was 
\      wrong. 


D  Indent  one  em. 

0  A  period. 

||  The  type  line  is  uneven  at  the  side  of 

the  page;  straighten  it  up. 

X  A  broken  letter. 

^  A  hyphen. 

ttal.  Use  italics. 

O  Join  together;  take  out  the  space. 

^  Take  out  letter  and  close  up. 

[60] 


SIGNS   USED  IN   CORRECTING   PROOF 

Put  in  middle  of  page,  or  line. 
Straighten  lines. 
Insert  an  apostrophe. 
Insert  a  comma. 
Raise  the  word  or  letter. 
Lower  the  word  or  letter. 
Bring  matter  to  the  left. 
Bring  matter  to  the  right. 
Make  a  space. 

A  thin  metal  strip  used  to  widen 
the  space  between  the  lines. 

Spread  words  farther  apart. 
1  Make  a  paragraph. 

no  If  Run  on  without  a  paragraph. 

«o^.  Use  a  capital. 

I.*.  Use  the  lower  case  (small  type), 

:.f.  not  capitals. 

*•*>.  Small  capitals. 

[61] 


SIGNS   USED   IN   CORRECTING   PROOF 

.      —      Wrong  font  —  size  or  style. 
.  Kind  of  type. 

Transpose. 

Use  roman  letter. 

Carry  over  to  next  line. 

Indicates  where  an  insertion  is  to 
be  made. 

Doubt  as  to  spelling,  etc. 
Indicates  CAPITAL  letters. 
Indicates  SMALL  CAPITAL  letters. 
Indicates  italic  letters. 
Indicates  black  type  letters. 
Indicates  BLACK  CAPITALS. 
Indicates  BLACK  SMALL  CAPITALS. 
Indicates  black  italic. 


[62] 


PROOF  SHOWING   CORRECTIONS 
AD/RESS  AT  GETTYSBURG 

^  J      FourscoiilBB^Jseven  years/5g5|our  fathers  brought 

forth  on  this  continent  a  new  nation,  conceived  in 

liberty,  and  dedicated  to  the  proposition  that  all 

JT   men  are  created  equal.     Now  we  are  engaged  in  a 

great  civil  war,  testing  whether  that  natioi^or  any 

nation  so  conceived  and  so  dedicated,ican  long 

endure.    We  are  met  on  a  great  battlefield  oj^hat 

9  war.    We  have  come  to  Dedicate  a  portion  of  that 

field  as  a  final  resting-place  for  those  who  here  here 

£&.  gave  their  lives  that  that  Ration  might  live;    /t  is 

altogether  fitting  and  proper  that  we  should  do  this. 

t*/1\     L      But,  in  a  larger  sense^  we  cannot  dedicate  - 

we  cannot  consecrate  —  we  cannot   hallow  this  /_/ 
(9  grounc^   The  brave  men,  living  and   dead,  who 
struggled  here,  have  consecrated  it^ar^above^ur 
poor  power  to  add  or  detract.-    The  world  will 
II  little  note  nor  long  remember  what  we  (here/sa^ 
C    but  it  can  never  forget  what  they  did  here.^  ^ 

p   ^It  is  for  us,  the  living,  rather,  to  be  dedicated  £ 
#&  here  to  the  unfinished  work  which  they  who  fought 

'f-0      (Address  at  the  dedication  of  the  Gettysburg  National 
•****  Cemetery,  Nuv.  19,  186^.     Reprinted,  by  permission  of  Th? 
«A.O  Macmillan  Company,  from^braham  Lincoln,  the  Man  , 
p,  the  People^by  Norman  Hapgood.) 


[63 


CORRECTED  PROOF 

ADDRESS  AT  GETTYSBURG 

Fourscore  and  seven  years  ago  our  fathers  brought 
forth  on  this  continent  a  new  nation,  conceived  in 
liberty,  and  dedicated  to  the  proposition  that  all 
men  are  created  equal. 

Now  we  are  engaged  in  a  great  civil  war,  testing 
whether  that  nation,  or  any  nation  so  conceived 
and  so  dedicated,  can  long  endure.  We  are  met 
on  a  great  battlefield  of  that  war.  We  have  come 
to  dedicate  a  portion  of  that  field  as  a  final  resting- 
place  for  those  who  here  gave  their  lives  that  that 
nation  might  live.  It  is  altogether  fitting  and 
proper  that  we  should  do  this. 

But,  in  a  larger  sense,  we  cannot  dedicate  — 
we  cannot  consecrate  —  we  cannot  hallow  —  this 
ground.  The  brave  men,  living  and  dead,  who 
struggled  here,  have  consecrated  it  far  above  our 
poor  power  to  add  or  detract.  The  world  will 
little  note  nor  long  remember  what  we  say  here, 
but  it  can  never  forget  what  they  did  here.  It  is 
for  us,  the  living,  rather,  to  be  dedicated  here  to 
the  unfinished  work  which  they  who  fought  here 

(Address  at  the  dedication  of  the  Gettysburg  National 
Cemetery,  Nov.  19,  1863.  Reprinted,  by  permission  of  THE 
MACMILLAN  COMPANY,  from  "Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Man 
of  the  People,"  by  Norman  Hapgood.) 

[64] 


VHE   following  pages   contain  advertisements  of  a 
few  of  the  Macmillan  books  on  kindred  subjects. 


The  Art  and  the  Business  of 
Short  Story  Writing 


BY  WALTER   B.    PITKIN 

Associate  Professor  in  the  School  of  Journalism  of  Columbia  University 
New  York,  1912 

Sixth  reprint,  1917.    255  pages,  i2mo,  $1.25 


The  book  as  a  whole  represents  the  method  pursued  for 
three  years  of  successful  story  teaching  at  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. The  author  is  convinced  that  fiction  writers 
must  depict  human  character  in  some  of  its  phases;  the 
laws  of  its  presentation  must  be  found  in  the  material  of 
human  character.  This  material  includes  a  great  variety 
of  alien,  discordant  elements,  mental  and  physical;  only 
certain  combinations  of  these  are  possible  and  a  much 
smaller  number  is  pleasing.  The  writer's  first  task  is  to 
discover  such ;  and  for  this  reason,  the  novelist's  and  story 
writer's  constructive  principles  must  be  found  wholly  in 
the  realms  of  psychology  and  worldly  wisdom.  For  the 
patterns  of  life  are  revealed  only  in  life ;  and  life  is  com- 
posed of  people  and  affairs. 


THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

Publishers  64-66  Fifth  Avenue  Hew  York 


Verse  Writing 


BY  WILLIAM    HERBERT   CARRUTH 

Professor  of  Comparative  Literature,  Leland  Stanford  University,  New  York 

123  pages,  I2mo,  $  .80 

A  guide  for  those  who  wish  to  practice  at  writing  verse. 
The  theory  of  the  subject  is  supplemented  by  exercises 
with  directions,  and  samples  of  verse  written  by  students 
with  the  criticism  of  the  author.  The  treatment  is  essen- 
tially practical. 

Studies  in  Structure  and  Style,  Based  on 
Seven  Modern  English  Essays 

BY  W.   T.   BREWSTER 

280  pages,  I2mo,  $1.25 

The  essays,  which  number  fourteen,  have  been  carefully 
chosen.  The  treatment  of  structure  is  especially  full,  but 
the  author  has  suggested  the  general  principles  and  left 
the  student  to  carry  out  the  work  of  analysis  for  himself. 
Footnotes  give  all  information  necessary  to  the  under- 
standing of  the  text.  Notes  on  the  structure  and  style  of 
the  essays  are  given  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  A  bibliog- 
raphy of  books  on  style  is  added. 


THE   MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

Publishers  64-66  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


The  Short  Story :    Its  Principles 
and  Structure 

BY   EVELYN   MAY   ALBRIGHT 

260  pages,  i6mo,  $  .go 

Sets  forth  some  standards  of  appreciation  of  what  is  good  in 
story  writing,  illustrated  by  the  practice  of  the  masters  as  con- 
trasted with  amateurish  failures.  The  chapter  headings  are 
as  follows : 

Chapter  I,  Introductory.  Chapter  II,  Gathering  Mate- 
rial. Chapter  III,  The  Motive  as  the  Source  of  Plot. 
Chapter  IV,  Plot.  Chapter  V,  Mechanism.  Chapter  VI, 
Unity  of  Impression.  Chapter  VII,  The  Title.  Chapter 
VIII,  Characterization.  Chapter  IX,  Dialogue.  Chapter 
X,  The  Setting.  Chapter  XI,  The  Realistic  Movement. 
Chapter  XII,  The  Element  of  Fantasy.  Chapter  XIII, 
The  Emotional  Element.  Chapter  XIV,  The  Spirit  of 
the  Author. 

Descriptive  Writing 

BY   EVELYN    MAY  ALBRIGHT,   A.M. 

275  P<*Ses>  i2tno,  $1.25 

Designed  for  use  as  a  text  in  composition  courses,  containing 
both  theory  and  specimens.  The  theoretical  discussion  includes 
such  matters  as  the  scope  and  kinds  of  description,  the  selection 
of  details  for  unity  of  impression,  the  methods  of  organizing 
material,  and  the  relation  to  narration.  The  abundant  illus- 
trative material  provides  for  study  of  recognized  models,  that 
the  student  may  see  how  good  writers  do  describe  in  addition 
to  being  told  how  one  thinks  they  should.  Interpretative 
comments  and  theme  assignments  are  omitted  in  order  that 
the  instructor  may  be  free  to  develop  his  course  along  self-con- 
ceived lines.  

THE   MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

Publishers  64-66  Fifth  Avenue  New  Tork 


Guide  to  Good  English 


BY   HENRY   NOBLE   MAcCRACKEN 

AND 

HELEN   E.    SANDISON 

335  pages,  i6mo,  $  .90 

Great  care  has  been  taken  to  present  rules  and  termi- 
nology which  are  in  harmony  with  the  best  authorities  and 
with  reliable  current  usage,  and  to  incorporate  the  best 
use  of  great  bodies  of  publications  rather  than  the  narrower 
and  more  theoretical  rules  of  the  makers  of  dictionaries. 
The  treatment  of  questions  of  usage  and  syntax  is  flexible. 
Instead  of  saying  "this  is  right"  and  "that  is  wrong," 
there  is  a  certain  amount  of  gradation  and  qualification. 
In  fact  throughout  the  manuscript  the  lack  of  dogmatism 
is  noticeable.  The  matters  of  typographical  detail  and 
general  arrangement,  also,  have  been  carefully  planned 
with  the  convenience  of  the  student  in  mind. 

The  chapter  headings  are :  I.  Words ;  II.  Sentences ; 
III.  Paragraphs ;  IV.  Punctuation ;  V.  Capitalization 
and  the  Use  of  Hyphens ;  VI.  Spelling ;  VII.  Preparation 
of  Manuscript  and  Correction  of  Proof;  VIII.  Letter 
Writing;  Appendix,  Exercises  for  Drill  in  Grammatical 
Review. 


THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

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SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

Return  this  material  to  the  library 

from  which  it  was  borrowed. 


23 


I 


BE 


